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organ + cells
glandular in nature + maintain homeostasis |
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-produced by endocrine cells
-messengers to cause adjustment
-travel through blood to target cells
*absorbed into plasma
*carriers (actually ptn) |
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| hydrophilic, does not require a carrier |
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| hydrophobic, requires a carrier, diffuses into plasma |
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| Is water soluble in plasma? |
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| water bonds to this secondary carrier/messenger |
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| high concentration in blood, cut back production |
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| decrease receptor by target cells |
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| target cells increase receptors |
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base of brain; small area, high concentration of neurotransmitters + neuropeptides
-releasing hormones control the hormones released by the ant pit
-produces ACh, dopamine, norepinephrine, CRH, GHRH, etc |
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| CRH (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone) |
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| responds to stress by effecting hormones |
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| GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone) |
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| causes release of growth hormone |
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| small gland at base of skull |
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portal system of cappilaries from the hypothalamus (glandular) (releaseing hormone)
-respond to chemical (hormonal) messages sent from the hypothalamus
Hormones: ACTH, TSH, Growth Hormone |
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neurons from the hypothalamus (neural)
-works with kidneys to regulate free water from the urine back to the blood stream
Hormones: Antidiuretic Hormone |
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| ACTH (Adrenocorticotropin Hormone) |
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Definition
| carried to adrenal gland to release molecules manufactured there |
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, regulates basal metabolic rate (metabolism)
-mitochondria of the target cells are caused to increase metabolism in order to create more ATP |
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| anabolism (production of ptn that leads to growth and maturation) - build up |
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| vasoconstrictor, regulates vascular volume and serum concentration (amount of glucose in blood) |
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| amount of glucose in the blood |
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melatonin - antioxidant
-sleep
-anti-aging |
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produced in thyroid
if too much Ca in blood...
-bonds w/ osteoclasts to inhibit resorption of Ca from blood
-stop absorbing as much through digestive tract
-kidney decrease recapture of Ca from urine |
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Definition
size of pea
produces PTH
reverses effect of calcitonin
-bonds w/ osteoclasts for more resorption
-absorb more Ca through digestive tract
-kidneys increase recapture of Ca from urine |
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Definition
produces thymosin
-maturation of T cells (immune system)
-decrease as we age |
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islets of langerhan
insulin
glucagon
glycogenolysis
glycogneogenesis |
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| endocrine cells where insulin is produced |
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| release triggered by levels of glucose of nervous system, get glucose out of blood and into cells |
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| opposite effects of insulin, get glucose out of cells and into blood |
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| causes release of stored glucose from the liver to the blood, glycogen when stored |
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| (formation) from liver, increases production of glucose from other molecules (ex: fat, ptn, lactic acid) |
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-adrenal gland on top of each kidney
-hormones here originate from cholesterol
-aldosterone, cortisol
-released when stressed to put fuel into blood
-produces precursors of sex related hormones |
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homeostasis of Na and K in blood
-give up K to gain Na
-in kidneys |
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-goes to liver and trigger glucose produced from AA
-breaks stored fat into fatty acids for fuel
-anti-inflammatory properties |
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| renin, aldosterone, angiotensinogen, erythropoietin |
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| restore flow to kidneys, increase blood volume and blood pressure |
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| ptn synthesis in liver, put into blood causes vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone (homeostasis of Na and K in blood) |
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when oxygen in the blood is low, travels to red bone marrow to effect production of more RBCs
-blood doping |
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-endorphins are released in both short and long term exertion
-bind to same receptor as morphine to relieve pain
-endogenous morphine (opiate)
-growth hormone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Growth hormone
-released because of exertion
-increase in blood proportional to intensity
-concentration increases immediately and levels remain high approx. 2 hrs after cessation |
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-anabolic steroid
-causes cell to burn fats before glucose to spare the amount of glucose
-epinephrine and norepinephrine partially responsible |
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Antidiuretic Hormone
-exercise causes release
-recaptures free H2O from urine
-H2O is expanded in so may ways during exercise so body wants to hold onto it
a. respiration (H2O vaporizes w/ breath)
b. keeps blood volume regulated
c. sweating |
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Definition
produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
-increase HR, vasodiolation, vasoconstriction, "fight or flight" |
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exercise affects adrenal in much the same way as "fight or flight" when sympathetic is triggered
-norepinephrine + epinephrine released early in exercise, benefit performance |
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Epinephrine + Norepinephrine
(heart) |
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Definition
regulate increase in heartrate
-act on receptions at the sinoatrial (SA) Node
-increase heartrate + stroke volume
-blood vessels vasodialate and vasoconstrict
-increase inn cardio output |
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increase heart rate
epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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increase in stroke volume
norepinephrine and epinephrine |
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change affected by epinephrine and norepinephrine action on CNS
may increase 2x
deliver more O2 and eliminate more metabolic wastes |
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-long term exercise decreases baseline level of Epi+Norepi
-less epi + norepi + their effects after long term exercise
-adrenal glands ability to increase hormones can respond to demands sooner
-regression of the medulla in producing hormones is rapid after cessation of exercise |
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-@exercise, >50% of VO2Max, cortisol increases in blood
-trigger glugoneogenesis in liver and muscle
-triggers lipolysis (breaks fat into fatty acids)
-aldosterone (from adrenal) recovers Na + H2O from urine in exchange for K |
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-glucose consumption - blood + cell rises
-as glucose decreases, pancrease lowers insulin
-receptors for insulin are hypersensitive due to hormones
-more blood supply = increase in insulin and glucose
-long term training = decrease in baseline insulin, but increase in sensitivity
-insulin level affected more by duration than intensity |
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-also from pancreas
-increase blood concentration of glucose
1. liver glycogen released
2.gluconeogenesis
3. mobilization of fatty acids
-long term training reduces amount of glucagon |
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-anabolic hormone that increases muscle mass
-anaerobic activity causes immediate release
-aerobic activity may reduce the amount of testosterone by 50% |
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-exercise causes an immediate release of estrogen + progesterone
-prolonged training lowers estrogen + progesterone
-may even lead to amenorrhea
-more prominent in females w/ low body fat
-critical factors: stress + low body fat
-22% body fat required to maintain regular cycles |
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-exercise lowers activity in intestines
-ghrelin
-anaerobic activity lowers level of ghrelin
-suppresses appetite |
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affect appetite
-lowered by anaerobic activity
-suppresses appetite |
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