Insulin 

a.     Are lipid derivatives

b.     Their structures are similar to cholesterol

c.     Binds with intracellular receptors (nucleus, mitochondria)

d.     Gene transcription occurs when binding to receptors

1)     The hormone works with second messenger is catecholamines. For example: Epinephrine and nor-epinephrine work with second messenger cyclic AMP.

cAMP is formed

cAMP is broken down

1)     Hormones that control the function of the ANTERIOR pituitary gland (Releasing and Inhibiting hormones RH/IH) are released from the _____.

1)     If median eminence is damaged, no TRH, CRH, GnRH released by the hypothalamus.

a.

b.

c.

a.     No TRH ]  Hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of thyroid hormones.

b.     No CRH ] Hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of cortisone.

c.     No GnRH ] Hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of sex hormones

SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEI (ADH)

PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEI (oxytocin) of the HYPOTHALAMUS

1)     Anterior pituitary glands releases ____

1)     Growth hormones promotes ____

1)     Excess secretion of GH after puberty will cause ____

releasing somatomedins or IGF (insulin-like growth factors)

a.     Example: In epithelia and connective tissue, GH stimulates DIVISIONS of stem cell and DIFFERENTIATION of daughter cells. Somatomedins stimulate the growth of these daughter cells)

The anterior hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is ____

 The anterior hormone that promotes egg and sperm is 

CALCITONIN is a ____

    CALCITONIN lowers the Ca²⁺ concentration in the blood because:

a.

b.

a.     Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity.

b.     Calcitonin stimulates Ca²⁺ excretion by the kidneys.

1)     The reason why PTH  may cause hypercalcemia because

a.

b.

c.

a.     PTH stimulates osteoclast activity and inhibits osteoblast activity

b.     PTH  stimulates the formation and secretion of calcitriol (vitamin D) at the kidneys

c.     PTH increases the reabsorption of calcium at the kidney  (less calcium loss in the urine)

 Low PTH in blood causes 

1)     Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

a.     Derive from ____

b.     Contain mineral ____

c.     Work with ___

d.     Are ____-soluble

e.     Are in ____

f.       Increase ____

g.     Have permissive effect on

1)     Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

a.     Derive from  amino acid TYROSIN

b.     Contain mineral iodine

c.     Work with intracellular receptors

d.     Are lipid-soluble

e.     Are in colloidal state (not readily diffuse out of the thyroid vesicles).

f.       Increase BMR (primary role in the maintenance of body temperature).

g.     Have permissive effect on epinephrine

RENIN is released in response with

___ is a powerful vasoconstrictor

 It will promote _____

Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor

 It will promote high blood pressure

Zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces ___

Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces _____________ [ increase the conversion of lipids to glucose ]

Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces ________

Zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces sex hormones

Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids (cortisol)

[ increase the conversion of lipids to glucose ]

Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

1)            CORTISOL:

a.     Produced by zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

b.     Controlled by the ACTH of the pituitary gland

c.     Makes the liver produce more glucose and glycogen to release more glucose in the blood and more glycogen in the muscle

d.     Broken down lipids (lipolysis) to release more fatty acids in the blood

     Low cortisol in the blood due to damage of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex causes a decrease ability to convert lipids to glucose

1)     Aldosterone:

a. increases___

b.  is released by ___

c.  is also released by either

a.     sodium concentration in blood (HYPERNATREMIA)

b.     angiotensin II

c. a fall in plasma Na⁺ or elevated plasma K⁺

The adrenal medulla produces ___

          Cortisone (hormone of the adrenal cortex) is synergistic to ___

1)     Glucagon : (a CELL of the pancreas)

a.     increases ___

b.     It is released in response to __

c.     produced from the ___

a. blood sugar

b. low blood glucose (hypoglycemia)

c. alpha cells of the pancreas

1)     Insulin: (b CELL of the pancreas)

a.     Decreases ___

b.     It is released in response to __

c.     Is required for __ and ___

d.     Increases __

e.     Produced by ___

a.     blood glucose

b.     high blood glucose (hyperglycemia)

c.     growth and development

d.     amino acid uptake by cells

e.     Beta cell of Islet of Langerhans of the pancreas

1)     Pancreas:

a.     Mixed gland (endocrine and exocrine gland)

b.     Endocrine portion (insulin &glucagon) occupies 1% volume of the gland. It is located in the islet of Langerhans that produce HORMONES

c.     Exocrine portion (digestive enzymes) occupies 99% volume of the pancreas. It produces enzymes for digestion.

1)     ANP (atrial natriuretic hormone):

a.     ANP is produced by  cardiac muscle cells in the  atria of the heart

b.     ANP helps in reduce blood volume and blood pressure by promoting sodium loss at the kidneys (more sodium in the urine)

c.      ANP is antagonistic with aldosterone and ADH (ANP¹ ADH or Aldosterone)

Hypothalamus acts as __

. It serves as the link between the __ and the __

Hypothalamus acts as an endocrine organ. It serves as the link between the endocrine and the nervous system

1)     Thymosin:

a.     Hormone of the ___ produced by the ___

b.     Stimulates the __

a.     immune system produced by the thymus

b.     Stimulates the production of T cell

1)     Testosterone:

a.     Male sex hormone

b.     Produced from the interstitial cell of the testis

c.     Is required for growth and development

d.     Increases aggressive behavior and sex drive

Any condition that threatens homeostasis is called __

  The basic pattern of response that the body produces in response to stress is called ___

GAS (general adaptation syndrome)

Alarm phase of the GAS (general adaptation syndrome)

a.     

b.     

c.     

d.  

a.     Increase heart rate and respiration rate

b.     Mobilize of energy reserve

c.     Increases mental illness

d.     Increases blood flow to the skeletal muscles and skin

1)     1)     Resistance phase

a.    

b.    

c.   

a.     Occurs few hours after the alarm phase

b.     Lipid reserves are mobilized.

c.     blood glucose increased

    The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produce __

1)     Tumor of the adrenal  gland at the reticular reticularis cause __

abnormal production of estrogen  that leads to breast enlargement (GYNECOMASTIA).