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Endocrine System OBSR
Endocrine System OBSR Class 5
137
Biology
Undergraduate 2
02/28/2011
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Term
The __________ __________ release hormones into the blood, while the __________ __________ releases hormones through ducts.
 Definition
1) Endocrine system
2) Exocrine system
Term
The __________ __________ has slower, longer-lasting responses while the __________ __________ has quicker, shorter responses.
 Definition
1) Endocrine system
2) Nervous system
Term
Four key characteristics of the endocrine system are:
 Definition
1) Hierarchial control
2) Specificity
3) Negative feedback / Positive feedback regulation
4) Antagonistic effects
Term
Is the plasma membrane more likely to allow hydrophobic or hydrophillic molecules through the membrane?
 Definition
1) Hydrophobic molecules
Term
Are lipids mostly hydrophobic or hydrophillic?
Are proteins mostly hydrophobic or hydrophillic?
 Definition
1) Hydrophobic
2) Hydrophillic
Term
Lipid Family -Are __________ soluble -Act __________ the cell -Include steroid hormones and __________ __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Lipid 2) Inside 3) Fatty acid derivatives
Term

Protein Family

-__________ __________ __________ that have charged R groups

-Act __________ the cell

-Include relatively short polypeptides and true proteins.

 Definition
1) Amino acid derivatives 2) Outside
Term
In __________ __________ __________, endocrine cells release hormones that are transported to target cells by the blood.
 Definition
1) Classical endocrine signaling
Term
In __________ __________ (type of signaling), neurons release neurohormones, which are transported by blood or diffuse through interstitial fluid.
 Definition
1) Neuroendocrine signaling
Term
In __________ __________, a hormone acts on the very cells that produce it.
 Definition
1) Autocrine signaling
Term
In __________ __________, a hormone diffuses through interstitial fluid and acts on nearby target cells.
 Definition
1) Paracrine signaling
Term
Cortisol is a steroid hormone. Where would you expect the receptors for this hormone to be?
A. Inside the cell (nucleus)
B. Outside the cell (on the plasma membrane)
 Definition
1) A. Inside the cell (nucleus)
Term
Steroid hormone action is an example of __________ level control.
 Definition
1) Transcriptional
Term
Activation of Transcription of Specific Genes 1. Hormone molecules pass through __________ __________. 2. Hormone moves through cytosol. 3. Hormone passes through nuclear envelope and binds with receptor in __________. 4. Activated receptor is __________ factor that binds to and activates (or represses) specific genes. 5. Specific proteins are synthesized 6. Proteins alter cellular activity
 Definition
1) Plasma membrane 2) Nucleus 3) Transcription
Term
Protein hormone action is an example of __________-__________ level control.
 Definition
1) Post-transcriptional
Term
Activation of Second Messengers
1. Peptide hormone (__________ messenger) binds with G protein-linked receptor in __________ __________ of target cell. G protein is activated and activates enzyme __________ __________. 2. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to __________ (__________ messenger).
3. cAMP relays signal, activates __________ __________ or some other protein that leads to a response. Some cell activity is altered.
 Definition
1) First
2) Plasma membrane
3) Adenylyl cyclase
4) cAMP
5) Second
6) Protein kinase
Term
G-Linked Receptors and IP3 and DAG
1. Signaling molecule binds with G protein-linked receptor and activates a __________ __________.
2. Signal molecule-receptor complex, activating __________ __________.
3. Phosholipase splits PIP2 producing __________ and __________.
4. DAG is second messenger that activates __________ __________ C enzymes that phosphorylate ptoteins. Some cell activity is altered.
 Definition
1) G Protein
2) Phospholipase C
3) DAG
4) IP3
5) Protein kinase
Term
Invertebrate Endocrine System
1. Neurodenocrine cells secrete __________ __________ which is stored in corpora cardiaca.
2. When released, BH stimulates prothoracic glands to secrete __________ __________ which stimulates growth and molting.
3. In immature insect, corpora allata secrete __________ __________ which suppresses metamorphosis at each larval molt.
4. __________ to adult form occurs when MH acts in absence of __________.
 Definition
1) Brain hormone
2) Molting hormone
3) Juvenile hormone
4) Metamorphosis
5) Juvenile hormone
Term
The __________ (directly or undirectly) controls all endocrine activity.
 Definition
1) Hypothalamus
Term
The __________ releases inhibitory or releasing hormones that trigger the release of hormones from the pituitary.
 Definition
1) Hypothalamus
Term
The __________ is also responsible for the secretion of neurohormones.
 Definition
1) Hypothalamus
Term
The hypothalamus is in direct control of the __________ and __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Posterior
2) Anterior pituitary
Term
The __________ __________ is an outgrowth of the brain (thus composed of nerve tissue)
 Definition
1) Posterior pituitary
Term
The __________ __________ does not produce any hormones.
 Definition
1) Posterior pituitary
Term
The __________ makes hormones that the posterior pituitary releases.
 Definition
1) Hypothalamus
Term
Neurons in the hypothalamus send __________ to the __________ __________ where they are stored and later released.
 Definition
1) Axons
2) Posterior pituitary
Term
The __________ __________ is made up of glandular (__________) tissue; different types of cells produce different hormones and are target cells for different hypothalamus releasing hormones.
 Definition
1) Anterior pituitary
2) Epithelial
Term
Regulation of the __________ __________ depends on releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by neurons in the hypothalamus.
 Definition
1) Anterior pituitary
Term
Axons from the __________ terminate on pituitary portal veins, which carry blood and hormones to the anterior pituitary.
 Definition
1) Hypothalamus
Term
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is a hormone secreted by the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Posterior pituitary
Term
ADH is also referred to as __________.
 Definition
1) Vaspopressin
Term
The primary function of ADH is to cause the __________ to reabsorb water; __________ water is lost from the body.
 Definition
1) Kidneys
2) Less
Term
Oxytocin is a hormone secreted by the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Posterior pituitary
Term
Oxytocin causes __________ __________ of the mammary glands to contract and eject milk.
 Definition
1) Smooth muscle 
Term
Oxytocin is responsible for the strong contractions of the __________ needed to expel the baby during labor.
 Definition
1) Uterus
Term
The gland which secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones is the __________.
 Definition
1) Hypothalamus
Term
The target tissue of releasing and inhibiting hormones is the __________ lobe of the __________.
 Definition
1) Anterior
2) Pituitary
Term
The primary function of releasing and inhibiting hormones is to regulate the secretion of hormones by the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Anterior pituitary
Term
The gland which secretes oxytocin is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Posterior pituitary
Term
The target tissues of oxytocin are the __________ and __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Uterus
2) Mammary glands
Term
The primary function of oxytocin is to stimulate the contraction of __________ __________ and the __________; it also functions in the ejection of __________ into ducts.
 Definition
1) Mammary glands
2) Uterus
3) Milk
Term
The gland which secretes growth hormone (GH) is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Anterior pituitary
Term
The primary function of GH is stimulate growth of __________ and __________.
 Definition
1) Skeleton
2) Muscle
Term
The gland which secretes prolactin is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Anterior pituitary
Term
The target tissue of prolactin is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Mammary glands
Term
The primary function of prolactin is to stimulate __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Milk production
Term
The gland which secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Anterior pituitary
Term
The target tissue of MSH is the __________ cells in the __________.
 Definition
1) Pigment
2) Skin
Term
The primary function of MSH is to stimulate __________ production.
 Definition
1) Melanin
Term
The gland which secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Anterior pituitary
Term
The target tissue of TSH is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Thyroid gland
Term
The primary function of TSH is to stimulate the secretion of __________ __________ and help regulate bone remodeling.
 Definition
1) Thyroid hormones 
Term
The gland which secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Anterior pituitary
Term
The target tissue of ACTH is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Adrenal cortex
Term
The primary function of ACTH is to stimulate the secretion of __________ __________ hormones.
 Definition
1) Adrenal cortical
Term
The gland which secretes gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Anterior pituitary
Term
The target tissue of gonadotropic hormones are the __________.
 Definition
1) Gonads
Term
The primary function of gonadotropic hormones are to stimulate gonad __________ and __________.
 Definition
1) Function
2) Growth
Term
The gland which secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Thyroid gland
Term
The target tissue of T4 and T3 are the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) General body
Term
The gland which secretes calcitonin is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Thyroid gland
Term
The target tissue of calcitonin is __________.
 Definition
1) Bone
Term
The primary function of calcitonin is to __________ blood __________ levels.
 Definition
1) Lower
2) Calcium
Term
The gland which secretes parathyroid hormone is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Parathyroid glands
Term
The target tissues of the parathyroid glands are the __________, __________, and the digestive tract.
 Definition
1) Bone 2) Kidneys 
Term
The primary function of parathyroid hormone is to __________ blood __________ level.
 Definition

1) Regulate

2) Calcium
Term
The gland which secretes insulin is the __________.
 Definition
1) Pancreas
Term
The target tissue of insulin is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) General body
Term
The primary function of insulin is to __________ the blood __________ concentration.
 Definition
1) Lower
2) Glucose
Term
The gland which secretes glucagon is the __________.
 Definition
1) Pancreas
Term
The target tissues of glucagon are the __________ and adipose tissue.
 Definition
1) Liver
Term
The primary function of glucagon is to __________ blood __________ concentration.
 Definition
1) Raise
2) Glucose
Term
The gland which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Adrenal medulla
Term
The target tissues of epinephrine and norepinephrine are the __________, __________ __________, liver, and adipose tissue.
 Definition
1) Muscle 2) Blood vessels 
Term
The primary function of epinephrine and norepinephrine are to help the body cope with __________; increase metabolic rate; increase blood __________ level; and to increase __________ __________ and blood pressure.
 Definition
1) Stress 2) Glucose 3) Heart rate
Term
The gland which secretes mineralocorticoids is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Adrenal cortex
Term
The target tissue of mineralocorticoids are the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Kidney tubules
Term
The primary function of mineralocorticoids is to maintain __________ and __________ balance.
 Definition
1) Sodium
2) Potassium
Term
The gland which secretes glucocorticoids is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Adrenal cortex
Term
The target tissue of glucocorticoids is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) General body
Term
The primary function of glucocorticoids is to help the body cope with __________-term __________ and raise blood __________ levels.
 Definition
1) Long 2) Stress 3) Glucose
Term
The gland which secretes melatonin is the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Pineal gland
Term
The target tissue of melatonin is the __________.
 Definition
1) Hypothalamus
Term
The primary function of melatonin is in maintaining __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Biological rhythms
Term
The gland which secretes estrogen is the __________.
 Definition
1) Ovary
Term
The target tissue of estrogen is the general body and the __________.
 Definition
1) Uterus
Term
The primary function of estrogen is to develop and maintain __________ __________ in the female and to stimulate the growth of the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Sex characteristics
2) Uterine lining
Term
The gland which secretes progesterone is the __________.
 Definition
1) Ovary
Term
The target tissue of progesterone is the breasts and __________.
 Definition
1) Uterus 
Term
The primary function of progesterone is to stimulate the development of the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Uterine lining
Term
The gland which secretes testosterone is the __________.
 Definition
1) Testis
Term
The target tissue of testosterone is the general body and __________ structures.
 Definition
1) Reproductive
Term
The primary function of testosterone is to develop and maintain __________ __________ in males and to promote __________.
 Definition
1) Sex characteristics
2) Spermatogenesis
Term
The __________ __________ releases prolactin to stimulate the cells of the __________ __________ to produce __________ in a nursing mother; males and non-lacting women also release it.
 Definition
1) Anterior pituitary
2) Mammary glands
3) Milk
Term
The __________ __________ releases gonadotropin hormones: __________ __________ and __________ __________ __________. The target tissues of both are the __________.
 Definition
1) Anterior pituitary 2) Lutenizing hormone 3) Follicle stimulating hormone 4) Gonads
Term
Growth hormone is also referred to as __________.
 Definition
1) Somatotropin
Term
Growth hormone stimulates __________ cells to produce peptides called __________-__________ __________ __________ which promote linear growth of the skeleton by promoting __________ formation and stimulate general growth and increase in organ size by promoting protein synthesis and breakdown of glycogen to __________.
 Definition
1) Liver 2) Insluin-like growth factors (IGFs) 3) Cartilage 4) Glucose
Term
The hypothalamus regulates GH secretion by __________ and __________.
 Definition
1) GHRH
2) GHIH
Term
GH is regulated by a __________ __________ mechanism.
 Definition
1) Negative feedback
Term
Factors like __________ sugar level, __________ __________ concentration, and stress influence GH production
 Definition
1) Blood 2) Amino acid
Term
__________ __________ is a condition which results from a deficiency of GH during childhood.
 Definition
1) Pituitary dwarfism
Term
GH injections can treat __________ __________ if diagnosed at the right time.
 Definition
1) Pituitary dwarfism
Term
__________ is a condition which results from hyper secretion of GH by the pituitary during __________; the condition leaves a child abnormally tall.
 Definition
1) Gigantism
2) Childhood
Term
__________ is a condition which results from hypersecretion of GH by the pituitary during adulthood; the __________ tissue thickens, bones in hands, feet, and face as a result increase in diameter
 Definition
1) Acromegaly 2) Connective
Term
Thyroid hormones T4 and T3 are responsible for growth, __________, and the regulation of synthesis of proteins needed for cell differentiation. Also initiates __________ __________ mechanism.
 Definition

1) Metabolism

2) Negative feedback
Term
__________ is a condition which results from a hypersecretion of TSH and thus an overactive __________.
 Definition
1) Hyperthyroidism 2) Thyroid
Term
__________ results in a very high metabolism, hyperactivtity, and ultimately a loss of weight.
 Definition
1) Hyperthyroidism
Term
__________ __________ is an autoimmune disease where abnormal antibodies bind to TSH receptors so increased production of thyroid hormones occurs.
 Definition
1) Grave's disease
Term
__________ is a condition which results from a sluggish thyroid gland and results in a low metabolism, with weight gain and myxedema.
 Definition
1) Hypothyroidism
Term
__________ is swelling due to fluid retention.
 Definition
1) Myxedema
Term
__________ is hypothyroidism from infancy or childhood that results in abnormal growth and mental retardation.
 Definition
1) Cretinism
Term
A __________ is an enlargement of the thyroid which results from a lack of iodine in which the pituitary attempts to secrete TSH to compensate for this lack, and as a result, enlarges the thyroid.
 Definition
1) Goiter
Term
Hyposecretion of GH results in __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Pituitary dwarfism
Term
Hypersecretion of GH results in __________ during childhood; __________ during adulthood.
 Definition
1) Gigantism
2) Acromegaly
Term
Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones results in __________ in children; __________ in pronounced adulthood; and a __________ from iodine loss.
 Definition
1) Creitinism
2) Myxedema
3) Goiter
Term
Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones results in __________ in which there is an increased metabolic rate, nervousness, irritability, a goiter, and potentially Grave's disease.
 Definition
1) Hyperthyroidism
Term
Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone results in a spontaneous discharge of neurons, spasms, __________ and potentially death.
 Definition
1) Tetany
Term
Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone results in weak, brittle __________ and __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Bones
2) Kidney stones
Term
Hyposecretion of insulin results in __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Diabetes mellitus (Type II)
Term
Hypersecretion of insulin results in __________.
 Definition
1) Hypoglycemia
Term
Hyposecreton of hormones of the adrenal cortex results in __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Addison's disease
Term
Hypersecretion of hormones of the adrenal cortex results in __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Cushing's disease
Term
The Islets of Langerhans are found throughout the pancreas and they consist of __________ __________ and __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Alpha cells
2) Beta cells
Term
__________ __________ secrete glucagon while __________ __________ secrete insulin.
 Definition
1) Alpha cells
2) Beta cells
Term
Insulin Release
1. Stimulates cells to take in __________.
2. Stimulates muscles and live to store glucose as __________.
3. Stimulates storage of __________ __________ and __________.
 Definition
1) Glucose
2) Glycogen
3) Amino acids
4) Fat
Term

Glucagon Production

1. Stimulates mobilization of __________ __________ and fats.

2. Stimulates __________.

3. Stimulates liver to release stored glucose (__________).

 Definition
1) Amino acids 2) Gluconeogenesis 3) Glycogenolysis
Term
__________ __________ is a disease which results from high blood glucose concentration.
 Definition
1) Diabetes mellitus
Term
__________ __________ or Juvenile diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies destroy __________ __________ resulting in insulin deficiency; as a result insulin injections are needed. Often occurs during __________ and 10% of those diagnosed with diabetes mellitus are of this type.
 Definition
1) Type 1 2) Beta cells 3) Childhood 
Term
__________ __________ diabetes is a disease which gradually develops in __________ people; normal concentrations of __________ are present but target cells cannot use it. 90% of those diagnosed with diabetes mellitus are of this type.
 Definition
1) Type 2 2) Overweight 3) Insulin 
Term
The adrenal cortex synthesizes steroid hormones from __________ and secretes a sex hormone precursor known as __________.
 Definition
1) Cholesterol
2) Androgen
Term
The adrenal cortex is also responsible for the secretion of __________ (aldosterone) and __________ (cortisol).
 Definition
1) Mineralocorticoid
2) Glucocorticoid
Term
Another name for mineralocorticoid is __________ and for glucocorticoid is __________.
 Definition
1) Aldosterone
2) Cortisol
Term
The adrenal medulla is coupled to the __________ nervous system and secretes the __________ epinephrine and norepinephrine.
 Definition
1) Sympathetic
2) Catecholamines
Term
Epinephrine is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla which increases __________ __________, the amount of __________ sent to muscles, stimulates __________, and prompts the __________ to convert glycogen to glucose.
 Definition
1) Heart rate
2) Blood
3) Respiration
4) Liver
Term
Norepinephrine is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla which maintains __________ __________ and can double as a __________.
 Definition
1) Blood pressure
2) Neurotransmitter
Term
Glucocorticoid is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which increases __________ __________ level and breaks down protein and __________ for energy.
 Definition
1) Blood sugar 2) Fat
Term
Mineralocorticoids is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which retain the amount of __________ and __________ stored in the kidneys and increase __________ __________ and __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Sodium
2) Water
3) Blood volume
4) Blood pressure
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