Term
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Definition
| where DNA replication produces chromosomes which are composed of 2 chromatids (4N) at metaphase the chromosomes split to produce daughter cells to become 2N again and daughter cells are genetically identical |
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Term
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Definition
| one DNA replication but with two cell divisions; during prophase I homologous chromosomes pair during synapsis each pair of homolougues comprising a synaptonemal complex |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of cross-overs and essential in holding homologues together during meoisis I; unlike mitosis the centromeres remain intact during the first division and help hold each chromosome together during metaphase |
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Term
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Definition
| daughter cells have haploid number (23) each chromosome is one member of each homologous pair sorted randomly so each daughter cell is genetically different from the parent (due to sorting and crossing over during prophase I) |
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Term
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Definition
| daughter cells of meiosis enters without any DNA replication and chromosome splits as in mitosis and each chromosome consists of one chromatid so cell contains 1N DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| at puberty spermatogonia divide mitotically in adults and the daughter cells enter meiosis giving rise to spermatozoa; spermatogonia are self-renewing since some of the daughter cells arising from mitosis remain behind to become stem cells and contribute to new mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| oogonia divide mitotically during fetal development and by 7th month of fetal life all oogonia have given rise to primary oocyte which enter meiosis I and become arrested partway through prophase; at puberty some oocytes will resume meiosis and this will occur each month with completion of MI production of secondary oocyte and the first polar body and arrest of the oocyte at metaphase by time follicle is ovulated; MII is only completed if secondary oocyte is fertilized |
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Term
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Definition
| process occurs in the female reproductive tract whereby ejaculated sperm acquire the ability to fertilize the ovum |
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Term
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Definition
| sperm acquire ability to undergo acrosome reaction and to achieve a change in motility from a progressive form to a hyperactive form; sperm lose cholesterol from their plasma membrane and donated to proteins present in the fluids of the female tract (mimicked by albumin); other changes occur that will result in the unmasking of proteins in the membrane that will bind to the oocytes zona pellucida (include tyrosine phosphorylation of internal sperm proteins, production of cAMP and activation of PKA and increased O2 uptake by sperm) |
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Term
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Definition
| capacitated sperm does this through interaction with ZP3 protein on ZP binding via the postacrosomal region of the sperm nucleus and the acrosome reaction ensues |
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Term
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Definition
| induced by ZP3 interaction and there is sustained influx of Ca into the sperm leading to fusion of the plasma membrane with the outer acrosomal membrane releasing enzymatic contents of acrosome and digestion of a slit in the ZP allowing the acrosome reacted sperm to move into the perivitelline space |
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Term
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Definition
| where sperm have new type of motility where they flail their tails and are not progressive but may generate more force and this may be needed to move through the ZP |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. sperm interacts with and adheres to ZP3; 2. sperm undergoes acrosome rxs, release enzymes, penetrates the ZP via slit, acrosome rxs revels IAM and equatorial segment; 3. sperm moves through the ZP via hyperactivated motility and into the perivitelline space beneath the ZP and sperm binds and fuses with oocyte plasmalemma-first at Eq seg then sinks into the oocyte as sperm and oocyte PMs fuse |
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Term
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Definition
| microvilli on the egg surface elongate and enwrap the sperm head, helping hold it in place; fusion is facilitated by a protein on equatorial segment of the sperm head called fertillin and it binds to an integrin in the plasma membrane of the egg; this bidning insures a block to polyspermy or prevention of penetration of the oocyte by additional sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. fast block-binding of sperm triggers deplorization of oocyte plasma membrane; 2. cortical reaction-binding of the sperm induces an intracellular release of Ca inside the oocyte, causing release of cortical granules from just beneath the oocyte membrane into the perivitelline space; granules contain enzymes which cause changes to several ZP proteins altering its nature and hardens it preventing other sperm from penetrating it and binding sites from the sperm on the egg plasma membrane are removed by enzymes released from the egg |
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Term
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Definition
| secondary oocyte resumes and completes the second meiotic division producing the second polar body and the mature ovum, the haploid gamete containing 23 chromosomes and 1N DNA the chromosome decondense somewhat and the female pronucleus is formed |
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Term
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Definition
| enters the cytoplasma and tail and mitochondria eventually degenerate and sperm centriole organizes a centrosome which nucleates microtubules for the spindle for the first mitotic division, the sperm nucleus de-condenses as protamines are replaced by histones and sperm DNA takes on a standard form and forms the male pronucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA replication occurs in both male and female pronuclei and pronuclei interdigitate the nuclear envelopes break down and the chromosomes are formed; the centrosome replicates and forms a spindle and the male and female chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate to begin the first mitotic division of the zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| one of two identical copies of DNA making up a chromosome, joined at a centromere (when seperate the strands are called daughter chromosomes) |
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Term
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Definition
| right number of single sets of chromosomes in a cell or an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| hold homologous chromosomes together rely on protein axis and chiasma forms between non-sister chromatids so they do not prematurely seperate and exchage of DNA causing genetic recombination |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. downs syndrome-47 chromosomes with 3@ chromosome 21; 2. triple X- 47 with 3 Xs; 3. Klinefelters-47 with 2 Xs and a Y chromosome; 4. Turner syndrome-45 chromosomes with 1X and absence of X or Y (webbed neck, normal intelligence, and indifferent gonads) |
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Term
| location of fertilization |
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Definition
| sperm moves through uterus and fertilization occurs in apulla and in fallopian tube the sperm gain ability to fertilize the egg |
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Term
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Definition
| sperm cholesterol is depleted in female tract by proteins (in IVF done by BSA) and the composition of the head changes and the ZP3 receptor is exposed |
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Term
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Definition
| thick fibrous CR capsule which is inelastic; the mediastinum is a vascularized extension of the posterior capsule which extends inward and CT septulae divide the testes into 250 compartments or lobules |
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Term
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Definition
| contain the seminiferous epithelium which rests on a basement membrane and produces sperm (exocrine function); 1-4 tubules are in each of the lobules |
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Term
| myoid or peritubular cells |
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Definition
| one or more layers lie adjacent to the basal lamina of seminiferous epithelium contain abundant actin and probably produce peristalic movements |
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Term
| CT between seminiferous tubules |
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Definition
| contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and Leydig cells comprising interstitial tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| supporting cells of the seminiferous epithelium; are tall columnar cell extends from basal lamina to lumen of the tubule and lateral processes completely surround all spermatogenic cells except spermatogonia; non-dividing cells in adults have ovoid nucleus with prominent nucleolus and RER and SER and abundant lysosomes and is phagocytic; complex intercellular tight junctions between Sertoli cells as a level just above the spermatogonia; these form before puberty before sperm are present; if werent here would cause an immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| tighter junctions between Sertoli cells prevent immune reaction because they were not present when the immune system was maturing and would perceived as foreign; these also divide the epithelium into basal compartment containing spermatogonia and adluminal compartment containing more mature germ cells and these compartments are different microenvironment important for normal development of sperm and when spermatocytes form they move from basal compartment into adluminal compartment by unidentified mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete some components of testicular fluid; FSH and testosterone induce Sertoli cells to produce proteins including androgen binding protein (ABP); also produce testicular transferrin and produce lactate needed as an energy source by germ cells |
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Term
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Definition
| when testis doesnt descend and the individual is infertile and the testis is more prone to cancers and surgery is needed before year 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which spermatogonia divide and mature to form spermatozoa includes spermatocytogenesis (mitosis and meiosis) and spermiogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| 23 pairs of chromosomes which lie on the basal lamina and are stem cells which divide mitotically to produce several subsequent generations of spermatogonia |
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Term
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Definition
| daughter cells that arise from last spermatogonia mitosis and are 2N at first; they enlarge and move up from basal lamina into adluminal compartment and their nuclei become prominent as DNA is duplicated at the beginning of meiosis; and they undergo first meiotic division (20 days after the start of meiosis) and there is reduction division since chromosomes gone from 46 to 23 and cells are haploid |
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Term
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Definition
| about half the size of primary spermatocytes and lie nearer to the lumen of the tubule and divide soon after their formation to become spermatids and occurs without further DNA replication-similar to mitosis and form monads or 23 chromosomes and resulting in N DNA and half the number of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| cells now beginning the process of spermiognesis which will transform spermatids into mature spermatozoa; small cells found near the lumen of the tubule and their nuclei are condensed the morphologic appearance varies greatly depending on the degree of maturation |
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Term
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Definition
| final process of sperm development; 1. acrosome-enzymes accumulate in Golgi and vesicles bud off and then coalesce to form granules that merge to from a lysosomal cap over the nucleus; nuclear chromatin condense and eventually heterochromatin present and protamines replace histones; two centrioles-migrate caudally and one gives rise to flagellar axoneme of the tail; excess cytoplasm is segregated and cast off as a cytoplasmic droplet that is engulfed and degraded by sertoli cells; other ensheathing structures form around axoneme of tail (mitochondria) |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleus of very condensed chromatin is partially covered anteriorly by the acrosome |
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Term
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Definition
| short connecting segment containing centriole that gives rise to the axoneme of the tail |
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Term
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Definition
| comprised of mid-piece, principal piece and end piece all surrounded by the plasma membrane; with mid-piece largest in cross section because of mitochondria wrapped helically around axoneme (energy production); these sperm are nonmotile when released from seminiferous tubules |
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Term
| blood vessels of interstitial tissue |
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Definition
| supply cooler blood to the testes; heat of testicular artery is partly dissipated by its proximity to the pampiniform plexus of veins which carries cooler venous blood back to the body from the testis and surrounds the artery in spermatic cord; caricocele coccurs when venous valves fail, blood backs up and pools in the scrotum and causes infertility |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains spermatogenesis probably by influencing function of the sertoli cell; maintains structure and function of the accessory sex organs and ducts and maintains male secondary sex characteristics and libido |
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Term
| feedback mechanisms of hormones |
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Definition
| LH secretion controlled by level of testosterone in blood (negative feedback); FSH suppressed by inhibin which is produced by sertoli cells may also be suppressed by testosterone |
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Term
| role of pituitary hormones |
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Definition
| LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone which is required for spermatogenesis; FSH-stimulates permatogenesis probably indirectly through activity on sertoli cells and plays a role in causing sertoli cells to divide during development of the testis and in initiating spermatogenesis at puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| plays 2 roles 1. passive transport of sperm via a circulation-fluid accompanying sperm is resorbed, new added by sertoli cells and this circulation moves sperm along;2. important role in final maturation of sperm to insure fertility |
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Term
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Definition
| system of flattened anastomosing channels that drains the seminiferous tubules; absorb excess fluid and found in dense CT of mediastinum; epithelium is low cuboidal |
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Term
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Definition
| receive sperm from the rete testis and epithelium has tall ciliated cells with lower cuboidal cells; cilia help to propel the non-motile sperm and cuboidal cells are probably absorptive and circular smooth muscle is present beneath the epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| single, 20 foot long highly coiled tube divided into head, body, and tail; epithelium is pseudostratified, low basal cells, tall columnar cells with very tall microvilli called sterocilia; circular smooth muscle gradually increases in thickeness as it gets closer to ductus deferens which contract to help sperm along; distal tail segment stores sperm until ejaculation; function to allow sperm to become motile and gain ability to recognize the zona pellucida |
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Term
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Definition
| receives sperm from epididymis at ejaculation; epithelium is psudostratified and resembles epididymis but much lower; a star shaped lumen is caused by contraction of the thre-layered heavy muscular wall of smooth muscle; distal end is dilated to form an ampulla and mucosa is thrown into tall branching folds covered by low epithelium and resembles that of seminal vesicle |
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Term
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Definition
| coiled elongated sac with thin layer of smooth muscle in its wall; mucosa is thrown into high, complex folds and epithelium varies greatly in height and appearacne with activity and age; forms a yellow, viscous fluid, alkaline in nature, containing fructose and prostaglandin |
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Term
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Definition
| comprised of many tubuloalveolar glands which open into 15-25 ducts into the prostatic urethra and glands have epithelium that varies from squamous to clumnar depending on functional state and inbetween glands is mix of CT and smooth muscle and entire mass surrounded by a capsule; fluid is thin and opalescent with slightly alkaline pH and contains vitamin C and acid phosphatase along with other carbohydrates and proteolytic enzymes; secretory product can condense to form lamellated concretions called corpora amylaceae which may become calcified in glandular lumen |
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Term
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Definition
| dorsally located paired bodies of erectile tissue surrounded by thick inelastic fibrous capsule called tunica albuginea surrounds irregular vascular spaces smaller at periphery supplied by helicine arteries during erection |
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Term
| helicine arteries during erection |
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Definition
| usually coiled and closed under influences of sympathetics and during erection relaxation of this muscle tone by parasympathetics allows these vessels to straighten and release more blood to fill the sinuses and as they expand they compress the venous outflow through veins located just under the tunica albuginea; greater influx of blood and reduced outflow with the inelasticity of teh tunic accounts for rigidity and erection |
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Term
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Definition
| single structure located ventrally surrounding the urethra and ends distally as the expanded glans penis; tunica albuginea is thinner and more elastic; blood flow into its vascular spaces causes it to enlarge but without rigidity so urethra is not compressed during erection |
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Term
| Testis determining factor |
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Definition
| found on Y chromosome encoded on sex determining region of Y chromosome; if not present a female develops; if XX and have this will be male and if XY and dont have this will be female |
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Term
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Definition
| second X is needed to become female; Turner syndrome is XO and has hypogonadism and gonadal dysgenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| with SRY upregulates SF1 and acts through SOX and medullary sex cords differentiate into Sertoli cells which secrete Anti-Mullerian hormone and -SRY medullary sex cords differentiate into oogonia and follicle cells without any AMH |
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Term
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Definition
| cause regression of Mullerian or paramesonephric ducts |
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Term
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Definition
| hCG and LH help make Leydig cells to produce testosterone which induces developmental changes in the brain and induce changes in primary and secondary sexual characteristics |
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Term
| development of the gonads |
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Definition
| AMH induces degeneration of paramesonephric duct and causes gonadal ridge to become Leydig cells and without AMH paramesonephric ducts persist and DAX1 downregulates SF1 and prevents formation of male gonads |
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Term
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Definition
| formed from testosterone and causes genitalia to become penis and scrotum and induces development of prostate |
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Term
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Definition
| phenotypic development occurs over the first two months of pregnancy but occurs in brain during the 2nd half of pregnancy and can get a discordance between the two |
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Term
| sexual differentiation of the brain |
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Definition
| occurs under the influence of genetic factors, hormones, chemicals, immune responses and social factors |
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Term
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Definition
| excess androgens and forms ovary no testosterone and mesonephrnic duct degenerates and develops as uterine tubes, uterus and upper 1/3 of vagina; but androgens will cause the external genitalia to fuse labial/scrotal folds and glans elongates and born with ambiguous genitalia androgen can be removed and individual develop as female phenotype and can be fertile |
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Term
| XY individual with lack of testosterone receptor |
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Definition
| Sertoli cells and Leydig cells and paramesonephric ducts degenerate and testosterone will not induce Wolfian ducts to develop and no fusion of labial scrotal folds and no glans elongation so testis ends up in the inguinal canal and testis will be at a higher temp so need to remove so they do not develop tumors, will not menstrate |
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Term
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Definition
| testis and wolfian ducts develop and no DHT formation and will not have masculinization of males and have ambigous genitalia and may have masculinization during puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| defiency in sterol-7-reductase causing deficiency of cholesterol have ambigous genitlia |
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Term
| function of female reproductive system |
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Definition
| consists of ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia and has exocrine function to produce oocytes and endocrine function-synthesis and secretion of female sex hormones; system is also equipped to receive and transport sperm, provide for fertilization of an oocyte and supply a suitable environment for implantation of a zygote and for nourishing a developing fetus and expel the fetus into the external world |
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Term
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Definition
| secondary oocyte is release into peritoneal cavity and oocyte and cumulus mass are picked up by the oviduct where fertilization occurs and second meiotic division occurs, the zygote reaches the uterus where implantation occurs and uterus and embryo cooperate in forming the placenta which provides nourishment of the fetus until time of parturition |
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Term
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Definition
| slightly flattened, ovoid organ that is covered by simple cuboidal epithelium (germinal epithelium) and has outer cortex and inner medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| contains ovarian follicles in various stages of development, corpora lutea and other structures embedded in a stroma, a cell-rich connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| contains nerves, blood vessels in a connective tissue matrix |
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Term
| establishment of oocytes during fetal development |
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Definition
| primordial germ cells migrate from the yolk sac to take up residence in developing gonad where they divide by mitosis producing oogonia; at end of third month some oogonia stop dividing and differentiate into primary oocytes; primary oocytes replicate their DNA and enter prophase of the first meiotic division but do not complete it and the nuclear envelope reforms and oocyte enters an arressted state (dictyate/dictyotene) |
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Term
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Definition
| primary oocyte plus its follicular cells where primary oocyte is enclosed by a single layer of flattened follicular cells from the germinal epithelium; by mid pregnancy no oogonia remain in the ovary |
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Term
| first half of menstrual cycle |
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Definition
| focuses on folliculogenesis and estrogen production in the ovary and development of a proliferative endometrium in the uterus |
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Term
| second half of menstrual cycle |
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Definition
| after ovulation the cycle centers on the formation of corpus luteum and progesterone secretion and bringing the proliferative endometrium to the secretory phase |
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Term
| number of primordial follicles |
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Definition
| there are about 400000 in the ovary of a young woman adult but only 400 or so complete development and are ovulated during her reproductive life |
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Term
| location/characteristics of primordial follicles |
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Definition
| most numerous, located in the outer cortex, consisting of a primary oocyte and associated, flattened follicle cells, has been in the ovary since birth and follicle cells sit on a basal lamina that seperates them from the stroma |
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Term
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Definition
| follicular development resumes; primary oocyte enlarges and follicle cells become cuboidal (unilaminar primary follicle); follicle cells proliferate forming a stratified epithelial layer; oocyte continues to grow and an amorphous material is deposited between the oocyte and adjacent granulosa cells forming the zona pellucida (multilayered/growing primary follicle) |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by both the granulosa cells and the oocyte and consists of three different glycoproteins; gap junctions are formed between the oocyte and granulosa cells to allow communication between the two cells types; gap junctions are also found among all granulosa cells; stromal cells become oriented to the growing follicle forming a theca interna (cellular, highly vascular) and theca externa (fibrous layer) an basal lamina seperates the granulosa cells from the theca interna |
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Term
| secondary (antral) follicle |
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Definition
| when primary follicle has 6-12 layers fluid filled spaces appear and coalesce into a single antrum; requires FSH and liquor folliculi fills the antrum (viscous with FSH, estradiol, androstenedione making a microenvironment); this fluid increases over time contributing to the growth of the follicle |
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Term
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Definition
| ovarian hillock; where primary oocyte and its granulosa cells project into the antrum |
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Term
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Definition
| cells lining the rest of the follicle (granulosa cell layer); as well the theca interna and fibrous theca externa are well developed and the externa blends with the surrounding stroma |
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Term
| mature graafian follicle (MGF) |
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Definition
| is ~1cm and occupies the width of the cortex and bulges over the surface of the ovary; and all features seen in larger secondary follicles are present in MGFs; oocyte remains primary oocyte until near the time of ovulation |
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Term
| points of interest in follicular development |
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Definition
| one follicle is selected as dominant follicle that secretes most estradiol detected in blood; development past preantral stage requires FSH, LH and estradiol; to be ovulated follicle must see estradiol and FSH in sufficient amounts and for enough time to generate granulosa cells and for them to develop LH receptors on their plasma membranes |
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Term
| role of theca interna in follicle development |
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Definition
| supply androstenedione to granulosa cells for conversion to estrogen; stimulated by LH |
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Term
| effect of FSH on granulosa cells |
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Definition
| cause them to synthesize aromatase, an enzyme capable of converting androstenesione to estrogen and estrogen enters the general circulation and the follicular antrum |
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Term
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Definition
| acts in an autocrine fashion on granulosa cells causing them to proliferate and it also promotes growth of the uterine endometrium |
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Term
| events preceding ovulation |
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Definition
| 36-48 hrs before ovulation there is a surge in LH, stimulating primary oocyte to resume meiosis I; completion of meiosis I occurs right before ovulation and results in secondary oocyte and first polar body (reduction division); secondary oocyte moves directly into metaphase of second meiotic division and ovulation occurs and the oocyte, cumulus cells and follicular fluid are discharged from the ovary into the peritoneal cavity; completion of the second meiotic division only occurs only if fertilization takes place producing ovum and second polar body |
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Term
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Definition
| at midcycle brought about by the positive feedback of high levels of estradiol releasing GnRH which causes release of LH |
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Term
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Definition
| portion remaining in the ovary after ovulation differentiates into corpus luteum; basal lamina disappears, blood vessels penetrate into membrana granulosa and granulosa cells becomes granulosa lutein cells and theca lutein cells (theca interna cells) and it grows to about 2cm |
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Term
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Definition
| granulosa lutein cells are abundant and large and pale staining; theca lutein cells are smaller and darker and fewer in number and lie near the edge or in folds of corpus luteum; both have features with abundant SER, mitochondria, lipid droplets, and well-developed Golgi |
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Term
| corpus luteum after fertilization |
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Definition
| it enlarges to about 5cm and secretes progesterone and estrogen; and progesterone declines after the 8th week of pregnancy; the placenta continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen throughout the remainder of pregnancy and the corpus luteum involutes and forms corpus albicans |
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Term
| function of corpus luteum |
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Definition
| produces progesterone and estrogen in second half of the menstrual cycle; progesterone takes endometrium from proliferative to secretory |
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Term
| synthesis of progesterone |
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Definition
| involves the uptake of cholesterol from circulating LDL receptor mediated endocytosis; LH levels are low in second half of cycle but are high enough to support progesterone production by the corpus luteum |
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Term
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Definition
| in absence of fertilization the corpus lauteum lasts about 14 days and then in response to declining levels of LH involutes; degeneration of corpus luteum involves autophagy and heterophagy (macrophages); stromal cells invade the corpus luteum lay down collagen and ground substance and give rise to hyalinized scar of CT-corpus albicans |
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Term
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Definition
| can occur at all stages at follicular development; small follicles involves degeneration of the oocyte and granulosa cells and invasion of stromal cells (no trace remains); larger follicles follow same pattern but a wrinkled, ribbon-like glassy membrane (hypertrophied basal lamina) remains as does the ZP; granulosa cells are pulled away from each other and oocyte has odd shape and oocyte is seperated from granulosa cells |
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Term
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Definition
| has four regions 1. infundibulum, 2. ampulla, 3. isthmus, 4. interstitial portion (located in wall of uterus); end of oviduct has a fringed appearance (fimbria) and these sweep over the ovarian surface at the time of ovulation |
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Term
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Definition
| wall has mucosa-thrown into folds of varying heights with tallest and most complex at the infundibulum the epithelium is simple columnar with ciliated cells and secretory (peg) cells; muscularis-thickest in the interstitial portion and is comprised of two layers of smooth muscle (inner circular and outer longitudinal); serosa-mesothelium plus a thin layer of connective tissue and is the peritoneal covering of the broad ligament |
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Term
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Definition
| recieves newly ovulated secondary oocyte and associated cumulus cells and transports oocyte to site of potential fertilization (ampulla) and then moves the zygote to the uterus; during follicular phase (estrogen increasing) ciliated and secretory cells increase in height, cilia elongate and secretory activity begins; at time of ovulation the secretion is at its greatest and this maintains the germ cells and zygote; after ovulation when progesterone increases ciliated and secretory cells decrease in height and activity; the peristaltic contractions of the oviduct musculature move the zygote to the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| hollow, pear-shaped organ that houses developing embryo during pregnancy and endometrium goes through proliferative and secretory phases |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost layer of the uterus and is a serosa (mesothelium bound by a thin connective tissue layer to the myometrium and covers the fundus and posterior aspect of the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| middle and thickest layer of the uterus and is the muscularis and bundles of smooth muscle cells are seperated from each other by thin CT septa; SMC contain receptors for estrogen and progesterone and cells undergo greatest increase in cell size and cell number under influence of progesterone during pregnancy; contraction expels the fetus at parturition |
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Term
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Definition
| innermost layer has surface epithelium consisting of secretory cells and ciliated cells and invaginates into the stroma to form uterine glands which extend through the thickness of the endometrium; the stroma is comprised of oval-stellate shaped fibroblast-like stromal cells tha produce reticular fibers and ground substance; during degenration of the endometrium, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils invade the stroma |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. basal layer-abuts the myometrium contains the bottoms of the uterine glands as well as spiraled arteries and accompanying veins and not shed during menstration; 2. functional layer-faces the lumen and divided into spongy layer and compact layer, responds to steroid hormones and undergoes changes in morphology and is shed during menses and after parturition |
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Term
| blood vessels in endometrium |
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Definition
| basal arteries-supply structures in the basal layer and the coiled arteries that supply the functional layer of the endometrium |
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Term
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Definition
| days 1-4 of the cycle and day 1 is the first day on which there is external bleeding; functional layer is shed; withdrawl of hormones and production of prostaglandins leads to constriction of coiled arteries which prevents blood from reaching the superficial portions resulting in local ischemia and later the coiled arteries reopen and blood burst through the weakened wall and leaks into the stroma and patches of the endometrium break off; increased myometrium activity may diminish blood supply to basal arteries which supply the coiled arteries; regression of endometrium involves autolysis and heterolysis of stromal and epithelial components; menstrual fluid consists of blood, endometrial cells, uterine and cervical secretions, prostaglandins etc; only the basal layer remains and estrogen levels are at a minimum |
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Term
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Definition
| days 5-14 after menses cease the endometrium is basal layer and epithelial cells from exposed ends of the glands creep out and re-epithelialize the surface; rising levels of estrogen produced by ovarian follicles stimulate proliferation of epithelial and stromal cells bringing about a lengthening of the glands and an increase in the amount of stroma and increases in height; uterine glands are narrow and straight and little stroma is present early in the phase; estrogen levels are rising and estrogen receptors are incrasing and they peak in late proliferative phase |
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Term
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Definition
| endometrium undergoes further development in preparation for possible implantation of a zygote; corpus luteum produces large amount of progesterone which converts endometrium to secretory the spongy portion become edematous due to accumulation of fluid in the stroma while the compact region remains compact and blood vessels and glands become highly tortuous and secretion becomes maximal; later in secretory phase stromal cells undergo decidual reaction they enlarge and accumulate glycogen and glands are dilated and convoluted |
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Term
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Definition
| in absence of fertilization functional involution of the corpus luteum brings a drop in progesterone and estrogen and endometrium begins to regress leading to menses |
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Term
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Definition
| has mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia and mucosa glands secrete mucus and their secertory activity is under hormonal control; and a portion extends into the vagina as the portio vaginalis; mucosa lined by simple columnar epithelium that has mostly secretory cells with a few ciliated cells; has a forked, mucus secreting glands and amount and viscosity changes with stage of the cycle; muscularis is smooth muscle and adventitia of loose connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| lining of vagina show minor changes in response to cyclic nature in hormone levels; mucosa-stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium and under estrogen stimulation glycogen accumulates in the lumen and is hydrolyzed to lactic acid by bacteria producing low pH the lamina propria does not have any glands; muscularis-longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle; adventitia-thick and contains mainly nerves and blood vessels binds vagina to surrounding structures |
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Term
| functions of the placenta |
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Definition
| maintainence of successful pregnancy including supplying the growing fetus with oxygen and substances needed for fetal nutrition and carrying away fetal wastes; also synthesizes and secretes a variety of hormones (hCG, hCS, hCPL, estrogen and progesterone) |
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Term
| from oviduct to the uterus |
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Definition
| fertilization of the secondary oocyte completes second meiotic division and formation of ovum and then female and male pronuclei fuse to produce a zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| undergoes a series of mitotic divisions forming a morula then a blastocyst which is surrounded by the zona pellucida and has an inner cell mass which forms the embryo and a trophoblast which the fetal component of the placenta develops |
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Term
| loss of the zona pellucida |
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Definition
| allows the trophoblast cells to attach to the endrometrial epithelium; the trophoblast proliferates rapidly and secretes enzymes that help it invade the secretory endometrium and the blastocyst is nourished by uterine secretions |
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Term
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Definition
| conceptus in the compact layer of the endometrium begins around 6 days after fertilization and the trophoblast becomes two-layed consisting of cytotroblast and outer syncytiotrophoblast (lacks cell boundaries) arising from cytotrophoblast; both layers produce hormones; as blastocyst implants it erodes into uterine glands and blood vessels forming blood filled spaces called lacunae |
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Term
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Definition
| has larger portion called the chorion frondosum and a smaller maternal portion called the decidua basalis; key to its function is the development of free-floating chorionic villi the site of exchange between substances in the blood of developing embryo/fetus |
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Term
| chorion frondosum development |
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Definition
| chorionic villi; 9-10 days post-fertilization spaces appear within the syncytiotrophoblast and eventually coalesce forming intervillous spaces and these are seperated from each other by walls or trabeculae of syncytioblast (primordial villi) that extend from cytotrophoblast to the endometrium allowing the mothers blood to flow into the intervillus spaces bringing maternal blood close to fetal tissue and soon cytotrophoblast invades the trabeculae forming primary villi |
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Term
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Definition
| in third week of pregnancy mesenchyme enters the developing villi and blood vessels differentiate in situ within the villi and villi contain CT, blood vessels, cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast and villi extend from chorionic plate to the decidua basalis of the endometrium where it is in continuity with the chorionic plate it is termed stem villus and when it ends at the decidua basalis it is called an anchoring villus and will give rise to smaller free floating villi which protrude into intervillous spaces |
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Term
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Definition
| inner lining of the stem/anchoring villus migrate onto the surface of the endometrium, coating it; speta that divide the placenta into cotyledons which are derived from the cytotrophoblast coating |
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Term
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Definition
| where the rest of the chorion is that are further from the mother's blood supply and the villi do not survive and degenerate and disappear |
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Term
| development of the decidua basalis |
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Definition
| portion of the functional layer of the endometrium that underlies the chorium frondosum and is the maternal component of the placenta; portion of functional layer that covers the growing embryo is decidua capsularis and the functional layer lining all other parts of the uterus is the decidua paretalis and about third month of pregnancy the chorion laeve and decidua capsularis fuse with decidua paretalis |
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Term
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Definition
| flows from uterine arteries into intervillous spaces and bathes the surfaces of the villi and then drains into uterine veins |
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Term
| placental barrier for first three months |
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Definition
| barrier that oxygen would have to cross to reach fetal RBCs is syncytiotrophoblast-cytotrophoblast and its basal lamina-fetal CT-basal lamina of fetal capillary and endothelial cell |
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Term
| placental barrier in final trimester |
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Definition
| barrier is attenuated because cytotrophoblast cells are absent, fetal blood vessels are close to the edge of the villus and syncytiotrophoblast nuclei cluster in groups (syncytial knots) and thinning facilitates transport across the barrier crosses syncytiotrophoblast-fused basal lamina of syncytiotrophoblast and endothelial cell-fetal endothelial cell cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| acidic material accumulates on villi and the decidua basalis as the placenta ages |
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Term
| transport functions of the placenta |
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Definition
| supplies oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and carries away fetal CO2 and metabolic wastes; fetal RBC are oxygenated by maternal O2 and fetal CO2 is lost to maternal blood by simple diffusion; glucose crosses by facilitated diffusion and larger molecules cross by endocytosis; placenta also permeable to many harmful or potentially harmful compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| produces GnRH maybe involved in regulating production of hCG |
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Term
| protein/glycoprotein enzymes/hormones produced by syncytiotrophoblast |
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Definition
| erosive enzymes produced early in pregnancy-help blastocyst invade endometrial epithelium and stroma; hCG-produce about time of implantation and synthesis peaks about 11-12 weeks role is to rescue corpus luteum and may regulate placental progesterone production; human placental lactogen (chorionic somatomammotropin) main effect is on maternal metabolism and is similar to GH and influences growth, lactation, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism; also produces human chorionic tyrotropin, human chorionic corticotroin, ACTH, MSH, endorphins, TRF |
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Term
| steroid hormones produced by the syncytiotropoblast |
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Definition
| produces steroid around 7-8 weeks of gestation and by 3-4 months it is main source of progesterone and estrogen; progesterone is produced in large amounts and is vital to the continuations of pregnancy, depresses uterine muscular activity, and be involved in supression of immune response to the embryo/fetus; estrogen-estriol main estrogen produced may increase uteroplacental blood flow and may be important in parturition including synthesis of oxytocin receptors and prostaglandins |
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Term
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Definition
| childbirth; at term the placenta is 15-25 cm in diameter and weighs 500-600g and placenta, attached remnants of the amnion. chorion leave, decidua parietalis and decidua capsularis are discharged as the afterbirth |
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Term
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Definition
| the estradiol/progesterone ratio increases and the estrogen dominated uterus has the mymetrial smooth muscle becomes more irratible, gap junctions appear between smooth muscle cells and the number of oxytocin receptors on smooth muscle cells increase; contact of teh head of the fetus with the cervix signals the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin causing smooth muscle to contract and stimulates synthesis of prostaglandins by the decidua |
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Term
| role of prostaglandins in labor |
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Definition
| enhance the strength of the contraction, aid in cervical softening and effacement and cause production and aggregation of gap junction proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| protein produced by the decidua also appears to be involved in cervical softening caused by reorganization of cervical collagen |
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Term
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Definition
| initially are sporadic and subsequently become more frequent and increasingly coordinated due to expanding numbers of gap junctions allowing to function as a syncytium and this activity lead to exulsion of the fetus to the outside world |
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Term
| development of mammary glands |
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Definition
| develop from epidermis during embryogenesis and are modified sweat glands lying within subcutaneous layer and are covered by thin skin a gland has 15-25 seperate compound tubuloalveolar glands each emptying in a seperate duct onto the surface of the nipple |
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Term
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Definition
| consists largely of connective tissue, adipose tissue, and rudimentary ducts |
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Term
| changes in mammary gland during menstrual cycle |
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Definition
| with increasing estrogen the ducts gain lumens the secretory cells become taller and fluid accumulates in the CT; but the gland remains inactive |
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Term
| mammary gland during pregnancy |
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Definition
| rising levels of estrogen bring mitosis of ductal cells leading to growth and elongation; progesterone causes the development and growth of alveoli from the ends of the ducts |
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Term
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Definition
| stellate in shape and processes and cell bodies contain actin and associated with alveoli and portions of teh ductile system |
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Term
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Definition
| released by merocrine mode of secretion (no loss of cell components) but lipids are released by modified apocrine mode of secretion and production is controlled by prolactin and release is controlled by oxytocin; after birth initially produce colostrum that has different concentrations of protein, sodium, and chloride and contains maternal antibodies confering passive immunity of the newborn |
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Term
| cells that make steroids in follicle |
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Definition
| granulosa cells produce progesterone and 17beta estradiol and theca produces androgen precursors |
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Term
| major functions of estrogen |
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Definition
| secreted in response to FSH and plays are role in regulating gonadotrope secretion in ovarian cycle, maintains uterine endometrium for implantation (with progesterone); mammary gland development for lactation (with progesterone); and promotes myometrium contractility; also secreted by sertoli cells and is feedback inhibitor of testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells; and in both sexes cause fusion of epiphyseal plates, stimulates somatic growth and stimulates GH and suppresses dissolution of bone |
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Term
| major functions of progesterone |
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Definition
| secreted by corpus luteum in response to LH and also placenta; maintains uterine endometrium for implantation; regulation of fallopian tube movement; mammary gland development for lactation; suppresses myometrial contractility (inhibits OT release); stimulates formation of dense cervical mucous; thermogenesis in women |
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Term
| major functions of androgens |
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Definition
| secreted in response to LH; in male secreted by Leydig cells and role in development of male genital tract, sperm production in Sertoli cells, initiation and maintanence of spermatogenesis with FSH; also secreted by thecal cells and responsible for secondary sex characteristics, hair growth and larynx enlargement, increase in muscle mass, shoulder maturation and libido and stimulates GH |
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Term
| hormonal stimulation of steroid biosynthesis |
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Definition
| LH and FSH stimulates differentiation of cells by causing intracellular cAMP signalling and allows the cell to express LDL receptors to bring in cholesterol and expression of StAR which is the rate limiting step to get the cholesterol in the mitochondria for side chain cleavage |
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Term
| biosynthesis of sex steroids |
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Definition
| starts with P450scc and StAR to form pregnenolone and 3BHSD forms progesterone and the enzyme P450c17 forms DHEA or androstendione and to get to testosterone need 17BHSD and estrogen has aromatic A ring so needs aromatase enzyme from androstenedione or testosterone; to form DHT from testosterone need 5alpha reductase and ring reduced and cant be converted to estrogen |
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Term
| steroid hormone mechanism of action |
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Definition
| hormone receptor complex regulates gene transcription and only free hormone enters the cell (in equilibrium with steroid bound to carrier protein) SHBG or ABP regulates the amount of free testosterone that enters cell |
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Term
| sex steroid nuclear receptors and carrier proteins |
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Definition
| 1. estrogen receptor has two genes and differ in transactivation domain and major carrier protein is SHBG; 2. progesterone has 1 gene and 2 splice variants differ in transactivation domain and major carrier protein is corticosteroid binding protein; 3. androgens has one gene and binds to SHBG or ABP |
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Term
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Definition
| estrogen and testosterone bind with different Kds; estrogen stimulates production and testosterone inhibits production from the liver but testosterone/FSH stimulates SHBG production in sertoli cell; this is able to regulate the potency of the testosterone/estrogen |
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Term
| timing of prenatal sexual differentiation in the male |
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Definition
| Leydig cells of male fetus produce testosterone about 7weeks in utero stimulated by hCG similar to LH and testosterone stimulates development of wolfian ducts growth and differetiation of external genitalia and descent of the testes |
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Term
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Definition
| increased GnRH triggers puberty onset and pulsatile GnRH stimulates LH/FSH and LH stimulates testosterone production and FSH stimulates proteins for spermatogenesis; testosterone inhibits LH, FSH and GnRH and inhibin (sertoli cells) inhibits FSH |
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Term
| endocrine control of male reproductive system |
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Definition
| LH stimulates steroidogenesis in Leydig cells and testosterone converted to DHT in Sertoli cells and prostate involved in prostate development (by 5areductase) stimulates PSA; feedback inhibition of testosterone-inhibits GnRH, FSH, LH and converted to E2 in Sertoli cells and E2 inhibits testosterone in Leydig cells; FSH stimulates proteins for sperm production and aromatase system and FSH and testosterone stimulate ABP |
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Term
| male hormonal contraceptives |
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Definition
| inhibit sperm production administer progestins to inhibit GnRH, FSH, LH and testosterone and sperm production also administer testosterone inhibit FSH/LH and is able to maintain reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
| anabolic androgenic steroids |
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Definition
| stimulate muscle mass and EPO to test have ratio greater than 4:1 of testosterone to epi testosterone; dangers include closing epiphyses, shrinking of testes, reduced sperm count, impotence, baldness, development of breasts, growth of facial hair, cessation of menstraul cycle, enlargement of clitoris, deepened voice, breast reduction, acne, jaundice, HTN, liver damage and cancers, depression, heart disease |
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Term
| female ovarian cycle overview |
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Definition
| GnRH triggers puberty onser and FSH stimulates E2 which stimulates ovum development and LH receptors in GC and LH stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum and E2 and P prepare uterus for embryo implantation, FSH stimulates inhibin and inhibin inhibits FSHb; P inhibits GnRH and low levels of E2 inhibit FSH/LH and high levels E2 stimulate FSH/LH |
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Term
| hormonal changes during menstraul cycle |
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Definition
| granulosa cells cannot make androgens and get them from theca cells; FSH stimulates aromatase enzyme in granulosa cells and androgens from theca cells used to make estradiol which stimulates granulosa cell proliferation and this amplifies E2 which stimulates LH receptor and the high E2 stimulates LH/FSH and the high LH surge seen at ovulation |
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Term
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Definition
| it stimulates ovulation and stimulates corpus luteum and causes LDL receptors to make progesterone |
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Term
| absence of fertilization on ovarian cycle |
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Definition
| LH/FSH decline and corpus luteum not maintained and the endometrium is not maintained without estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
| effect of fertilization on ovarian cycle |
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Definition
| high P is essential for implantation and hCG from trophoblast rescues CL production of progesterone and this is essential for first 2 months then the placenta forms and takes over secreting hormones progesterone and estrogen |
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Term
| hormone levels during pregnancy |
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Definition
| progesterone and estrogen levels increase with placenta size and levels drop in final stages of labor; estriol is predominant and placenta requires steroid precursors from mother and fetus; must get cholesterol from mother and need androgens from other or fetus |
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Term
| estrogen biosynthesis during pregnancy |
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Definition
| maternal adrenal supplies testosterone and DHEA for estradiol and estrone; the fetal adrenal supplies DHEAS and 16OHDHEAS is converted in liver so can be converted to estriol in placenta; trophoblast has abundant aromatase and is just limited by substrate and estriol indicate fetal well-being |
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Term
| hormonal changes at time of birth |
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Definition
| fetal adrenals secrete cortisol and stimulates synthesis of lung surfactant and estriol and PGF2a and these increase contractility of myometrium and also stimulates OT release from pituitary and OT stimulates uterine contraction |
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Term
| effect of oral contraceptives |
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Definition
| OC inhibits ovulation and by inhibiting LH so no ovulation and no progesterone occurs by inhibiting FSH/LH and without FSH there is no estrogen surge; it can stimulate GC proliferation but no amplification because granulosa cells are not stimulated to produce E2 |
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Term
| benefits and risks of oral contraceptives |
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Definition
| benefits-can delay child bearing, helps prevent osteoporosis in women and alleiviates symptoms of menopause; risks-increase risk of blood clots, heart attacks, strokes, and pulmonary embolism |
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Term
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Definition
| last menstrual period; peri-menopausal is around time of last menstrual period; factors that influence age includes genetic, smoking |
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Term
| hormonal changes during menopause |
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Definition
| reduction in ovarian steroids including estradiol and estrone occuring 6 mos before menopause; increased FSH/LH; will have less adrogen, testosterone, DHEA, E2, E1, and less SHBG |
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Term
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Definition
| include hot flashes, diaphoresis, depressed mood, cognitive decline, decreased memory, genital atrophy (dryness, itching, increased infection, painful intercourse), decreased collagen (urinary incontenince), facial hair, accelerated bone loss and increased risk of cardiovascular disease |
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Term
| estrogen depletion on cardiovascular health |
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Definition
| causes increased cholesterol levels from LDLs and forms atherosclerotic plaques; decreased blood flow causing increased vasocontriction |
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Term
| risks of estrogen hormone therapy |
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Definition
| include breast cancer, heart attacks in individuals with pre-existing heart disease and can cause pulmonary embolism |
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Term
| glandular alveolus at resting stage |
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Definition
| small central lumen, surrounding cells are not differentiated, reduced cytoplasm, few organelles, and no secretions |
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Term
| pre-lactating glandular alveolus |
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Definition
| in 2nd half of pregnancy have more prominent secretory granules, more RER and golgi, can see protein granules and milk fat droplets and are retained in the cytoplasm |
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Term
| lactating glandular alveolus |
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Definition
| cells rich in organelles including golgi, RER, SER and milk fat and proteins are secreted into the lumen |
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Term
| collapsing alveolus in regressing gland |
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Definition
| regular arrangement of glandular cells lost; intracellular spaces enlarged and necrotic cells shed into lumen or squeezed out toward interstitium |
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Term
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Definition
| functions in growth and branching of alveolar tissue; stimulates synthesis of milk proteins (with insulin and cortisol) effects of PRL on milk production is inhibited by P&E and estrogen stimulates PRL production in the pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
| belongs to cytokine receptor superfamily; hPRL and GH are similar and so are the receptors; the receptor dimerizes upon hormone binding and activates the JAK/STAT signalling pathway and STAT stimulates or inhibits gene transcription; STAT5a induces milk proteins and the estrogen receptors interact with STAT5a to prevent expression |
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Term
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Definition
| PRL regulates expression of casein and casein kinase and the phosphate groups added to casein complex Ca and these are condensed into casein micelles |
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Term
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Definition
| galactosyl transferase joins galactose with glyco lipids and proteins; the high molar Km for glucose prevents transfer of glucose to galactose; PRL stimulates synthesis of a-lactalbumin and that along with galatocsyl transferase allows glucose to be added and stored along with a-lactalbumin and casein in secretory vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| can either be formed from cylomicrons degraded by LPL or lipid produced from glucose |
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Term
| mechanisms for milk secretion |
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Definition
| 1. membrane route-K, Na, Cl, and H2O; 2. Golgi route-casein, lactose, Ca; 3. milk fat route where synthesized in SER and aggregate and migrate to apical surface and pinch off; 4. transcytosis of antibodies; 5. paracellular router for leukocytes and ions when no tight junctions |
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Term
| hormonal regulation of lactation |
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Definition
| PRL stimulates secretion of milk into lumen and OT stimulates milk ejection; suckling stimulates OT release and is immediate and stimulates PRL release and may take 3-4 hours; let down reflex stimulates OT release; PRL inhibits FSH/LH |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. colostrum-has high protein, B carotene, and vitamin A; human milk has more lactose, less protein, same fat, less Na and low iron and asorbic acid than cows milk |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounded by tunica albuginea and often present with dragging pain and swelling and can be sertoli cells or Leydig cels carcinomas can be functional/non-functional with functional will have high testosterone and low FSH/LH |
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Term
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Definition
| looks like primary or secondary spermatocytes and if metasizes to lymphatics can go to paraaortic lymph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| divided into lobes and glandular tissue is in posterior and lateral areas in a U shape and along with periurethral is greatest % of carcinoma can be seen by PSA or digital rectal exam often seen with hematuria |
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Term
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Definition
| causes nocturia, urge incontinence, weak stream, straining, hesitancy starts in transitional and periurethral areas can cause bladder outlet obstruction and cause hydroureter and hydronephrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| ovary found in ovarian fossa between internal and external iliac vessels; may cause free fluid in peritoneal cavity and have widespread abdominal masses in peritoneal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| starts in endometrium and can invade myometrium specimen is an irregularly arranged sheet of cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| on vaginal surface is stratified squamous and endocervical side columnar and glandular carcinoma |
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Term
|
Definition
| mestasis to axilla nodes most common also occurs to internal thoracic nodes, and other breast too; skin becomes dimpled or retracted, can have a bloody discharge, dimpling caused by contraction of Coopers ligament and the carcinoma grows out along the Coopers ligaments |
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