Term
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Definition
| chemical substance that is classified as a peptide, steroid, or amine |
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Term
| List all endocrine glands: |
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Definition
- hypothalamus
- anterior and posterior pituitary
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- adrenal cortex
- adrenal medulla
- gonads
- placenta
- pancreas
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Term
| Step 1 of peptide and protein hormone synthesis |
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Definition
- in nucleus
- gene from hormone is transcribed into mRNA
- single gene is responsible for primary structure
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Term
| Step 2 of peptide and protein hormone sysnthesis |
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Definition
- mRNA transferred to cytoplasm and translated on ribosomes
- translated to preprohormone
- translation begins with signal peptide on N terminus
- translation ceases and attaches to receptors on ER
- once attached translation continues until entire peptide is produced
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Term
| Step 3 of peptide and protein hormone sysnthesis |
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Definition
- signal peptide is removed
- preprohormone is converted to prohormone
- prohormone contains complete hormone sequence plus other peptide sequences
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Term
| Step 4 of peptide and protein hormone synthesis |
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Definition
- prohormone is transferred to golgi apparatus
- prohormone is packaged into secretory vesicles
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Term
| Where are steroid hormones synthesized? |
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Definition
- adrenal cortex
- gonads
- corpus luteum
- placenta
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Term
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Definition
- cortisol
- aldosterone
- estradiol
- estriol
- progesterone
- testosterone
- 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
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Term
| Are all steroid hormones derivatives of Cholesterol? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- epinephrine (catecholamine)
- norepinephrine (catecholamine)
- dopamine (catecholamine)
- thyroid hormones
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Term
| What amino acid are amine hormones derivatives of? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are secretory rates of hormones adjusted? |
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Definition
| by neural mechanisms or by feedback mechanisms |
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Term
| Example of Neural Mechanisms of Hormone Secretion: Secretion of Catecholamines |
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Definition
- preganglionic sympathetic nerves synapse with adrenal medulla
- when stimulated catecholamines are released into circulation
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Term
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Definition
| some feature of hormone action, directly or indirectly, inhibits further secretion of the hormone |
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Term
| Define Long-loop feedback |
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Definition
| hormone feeds back all the way to the hypothalamic pituitary axis |
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Term
| Define Short-loop Feedback |
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Definition
| anterior pituitary hormone feeds back on the hypothalamus to inhibit secretion of hypothalamic-releasing hormone |
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Term
| Define Ultrashort-loop Feedback |
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Definition
hypothalamic hormone inhibits its own secretion
ex. GHRH |
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Term
| What is an example of negative feedback that doesn't utilize the hypothalamic-pituitary axis? |
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Definition
| insulin and blood glucose concentrations |
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Term
| What is a non-hormonal example of positive feedback? |
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Definition
| opening of nerve sodium channels during the upstroke of an action potential |
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Term
| What is the 1st hormonal example of positive feedback? |
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Definition
| Estrogen on the secretion of FSH and LH |
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Term
| What is the second hormonal example of positive feedback? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Dose-response relationship |
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Definition
- this is how the responsiveness of a target tissue to a hormone is expressed
- the magnitude of response is correlated with hormone concentration
- as hormone concentration increases so does the response and then it levels off
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Term
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Definition
| the hormone concentration that produces 50% of the maximal response |
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Term
| What are the two ways to change the sensitivity of a target tissue? |
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Definition
- by changing the number of receptors
- by changing the affinity of the receptors for the hormone
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Term
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Definition
| the number of receptors or the affinity of the receptors for the hormone has decreased |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of the receptors or the affinity of the receptors has increased |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Lactotrophs (mammotrophs) secrete: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- ACTH
- gamma-lipotropin
- beta-lipotropin
- beta-endorphin
- melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
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Term
| preprohormone for the ACTH family: |
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Definition
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Term
| anterior pituitary produces mainly: |
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Definition
- ACTH
- gamma-lipotropin
- beta-endorphin
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Term
| Fragment left over after hydrolysis of POMC |
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Definition
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Term
| Fragment left over after hydrolysis of ACTH |
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Definition
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Term
| Fragment left over after hydrolysis of gamma-lipotropin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- primary adrenal insufficiency
- POMC and ACTH increased by negative feedback
- their MSH activity causes skin pigmentation which is a symptom of the disorder
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Term
| Which hormone is the single most important hormone for normal growth to adult stature? |
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Definition
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Term
| Growth Hormone has profound effects on: |
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Definition
- protein metabolism
- carbohydrate metabolism
- fat metabolism
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Term
| Growth Hormone is also called: |
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Definition
| somatotropin or somatotropic hormone |
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Term
| How many amino acids are in Growth Hormone? |
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Definition
| 191 amino acids so the chemical class is protein |
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Term
| What stimulates the synthesis of Growth Hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many amino acids does prolactin have? |
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Definition
| 198 amino acids so it is classified as a protein |
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Term
| GHRH stimulatory pathway: |
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Definition
- GHRH acts directly on somatotrophs
- coupled through Gs protein to adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C
- utilizes both cAMP and IP3/Ca2+ as second messengers
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Term
| Somatostatin inhibitory pathway |
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Definition
- also called somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone, SRIF
- blocks action of GHRH
- binds to its own membrane receptor
- coupled to adenylyl cyclase by a Gi protein
- inhibits generation of cAMP and decreases GH secretion
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