Term
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Definition
| excreted from pituitary by stimulation from CRH from hypothalmus, |
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Term
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Definition
| severe impairment or necrosis of liver cells. complication of hep C or B compounded with delta virus. Tylenol overdose leading cause of acute liver failure in US |
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Term
| Evaluation & Treatment of Hepatitis |
|
Definition
dx: A- presence of anti HAV, as is the dx of HCV
B-HBsAG
D- antibody & antigen anti-HDV
E- no test yet
A low fat, high carbohydrate diet is beneficial if bile flow is obstructed |
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Term
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Definition
| begins with resolution of jaundice about 6-8 wks. Liver function test return to normal within 2-12 wks. after onset of jaundice. Chronic hepatitis assoc. with HBV & HCV. Liver function test remain abnormal for longer than 6 months & HBsAG persistant. Chronic active hepatitis constitutes a carrier state. |
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Term
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Definition
| begins 1-2 wks. after prodromal phase, last 2-6 wks. jaundice caused from hepatocellular destruction & intrapepatic bile stasis. Urine dark & foamy, stools clay colored before jaundice from conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. This phase actual phase of illness. GI & respiratory symptoms subside, but fatique & abd pain may persist or become more severe. Serum bilirubin levels increase to 5-10 mg. (<1.5 normal). Jaundice may last 2-6 wks. Itching accompanies jaundice. |
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Term
| Prodromal Phase Hepatitis |
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Definition
| preicteric (jaundice) 2 wks. after exposure & ends with appearance of jaundice. Fatigue, anorexia, malaise, nausea, vomiting, HA, hyperalgia (pain), cough, & low grade fever that procede onset of jaundice. HBV & HCV may cause nephritis related to glomerular immune complex deposition. Right upper abd pain is common & wt. loss of 2-4 kg. Highly transmissible during this phase. |
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Term
| Incubation Stages of Hepatitis |
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Definition
Hep A- 30 days
Hep B- 60-180 days
Hep C- 35-72 days
Hep D- 30-180 days
Hep E- 15-60 days
Hep G- unknown |
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Term
| Hepatitis clinical manifestations |
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Definition
s/s of all similar
AST & ALT increased
4 phases:
incubation
prodromal- initial stage of disease
icteric-jaundice
recovery |
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Term
|
Definition
similar to other viral infections
Hepatic cell necrosis, scarring, Kupffer cells hyperplasia, & infiltration by mononuclear phagocytes occur with vary severity. Cellular injury is promoted by cell-mediated immune mechanism. Regeneration of hepatic cells begins within 48 hrs. of injury. The inflammatory process can damage & obstruct bile canaliculi, leading to cholestasis & obstructive jaundice. |
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Term
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Definition
| transmitted thru contact with infected blood, body fluids, or contaminated needles, sex. People receiving hemodialysis, multiblood transfusions, immunosuppressive drugs have greater risk of exposure or less resistance. Mother-infant transmission if mother becomes infected during 3rd trimester. Major cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis & hepatocellular carcinoma. Assoc. with acute fulminating hepatitis. |
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Term
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Definition
| recently discovered parenterally & sexually transmitted virus. May decrease HIV viral load, increase CD4+ T cell levels, & slow down HIV disease progression. |
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Term
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Definition
| most common in developing countries. transmitted fecal-oral. usually by contaminated water. Animal reservoirs include: domestic pigs, wild boars, & deer. More prevalant in adults & highest mortality n PG women. Clinically resembles HAV. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in individuals with hep B. Delta virus depends on HBV for replication HBsAg molecules (which Delta depends on) are on the surface of HBV. Parenteral drug users have a high incident. Clinical course same as A & B, sometimes more severe. Antiviral drugs used for treatment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| parenterally transmitted flavivirus. 40% involve IV drug users. Coinfetion with HBV prevalant. Most common cause of chronic liver disease. No vaccine. s/s persistant infection with increase aminotransferase. |
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Term
|
Definition
| fecal-oral route, also by blood transfusion. incubation period 4-6 wks. fecal shedding of virus is greatest for 10-14 days before onset of symptoms. Antibodies develop about 4 wks. after infection. serum IgM increases initially & followed by increase serum IgG which remains elevated for years. |
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Term
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Definition
| ETOH abuse most common cause. Fibrosis, strictures, calcification, ductal obstruction, pancreatic cysts. coninuous or intermittent abd pain, wt. loss, steatorrhea & DM accompany disease progression. Risk factor for Pancreatic Cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| acinar cells metabolizes ethanol with the generation of toxic metabolites, disruption of acinar cells permit leakage of pancreatic enzymes. s/s: epigastric or mid abd. pain is cardinal sign. pain caused by edema. Fever & increased WBC, N & V, hypotension & shock. In hemorrhagic, some develop flank or periumbilical ecchymosis (sign of poor prognosis) increased serum amylase & lipase (lipase more specific) Serum transferrin-- marker for ETOH pancreatitis. |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of pancreas. can be acute or chronic assoc with other clinical conditions. ETOH, obstructive biliary tract disease, peptic ulcers, trauma, hyperlipidemia & drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| assoc with nausea & follows retching. The duodenum & antrum of the stomach produce retrograde peristalsis while the body of the stomach & esophagus relax. Spontaneous vomiting that is not proceded by nausea or retching is projectile vomiting. The vestibular system initiates vomiting (8th cranial nerve) |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in the # of BM's per week, hard stools, & difficult evacuation. assoc with Hirschsprung, acquired megacolon, hypothyroidism, pelvic hiatal hernia, MS, spinal cord trauma, cancer, CVA, IBS. Weakness can interfere with the generation of adequate intra-abdominal pressure. Anticholinergic drugs block parasympathetic impulses to GI tract, which impaires motility. Rome III criteria: straining, hard stools, sensation of incomplete evacuation, manual maneuvers, sensation of blockage, fewer than 3 a week. |
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Term
| 3 basic secretion patterns of hormones |
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Definition
1. circadian or diurnal
2. pulsatile & cyclic patterns
3. patterns that depend on levels of circulating substrates |
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Term
| All Girls Feel Loose To Me Anterior pituitary hormones |
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Definition
ACTH
GH
FSH
LH
TSH
MSH (melanocyte) |
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Term
|
Definition
| glands begin to secrete a thin glycogen-containing fluid. |
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Term
| Follicular/proliferative phase |
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Definition
| maturation of the ovarian follicle & proliferation of the endometrium |
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Term
| luteal/secretory phase of menstrual cycle |
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Definition
| ovulation marks the beginning |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| weight loss, anorexia, muscle weakness, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, low blood sugar, low blood sodium level, high blood potassium, sparse female pubic hair, sparse female armpit hair depression, |
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Term
|
Definition
| cold intolerance, dry skin, mild myxedema, lethargy, decreased metabolic rate. hypothyrioidism, |
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Term
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Definition
commonly caused by candida ablicans or glabrata.
Cardinal symptom: itching, white curd like discharge |
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Term
|
Definition
disturbance in the normal flora of vaginia
cardinal symptom: fishy odor especially occurs after intercourse causes grey thin homogenus type discharge
each person should be assessed with a wet prep to determine what type of infection is going on. |
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Term
| Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation |
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Definition
| Hormones are either excreted directly by the kidneys or metabolized by the liver, which inactivates them & renders the hormone more water soluble for renal excretion. |
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Term
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular Phase |
|
Definition
starts when previous cycle has ended.
1. GnRH released from hypothalamus
2. GnRH stimulates release of FSH & LH from pituitary gland (low levels)
3. FSH stimulates follicle growth, aided by LH
4. Cells in follicle secreting estradiol slow rise in estradiol during follicular phase (oocyte grows & mature, low levels of estradiol inhibits secretion FSH & LH (still secreted but in low levels)
5. Estradiol secretion rises steepley (negative feedback)
6. FSH & LH increase, high levels of estradiol-stimulates GnRH production, effects LH production more |
|
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Term
|
Definition
8. LH stimulates follicular tissue, transforming it into corpus luteum
corpus luteum secretes progesterone & estradiol
Negative feedback on hypothatlmus reduces GnRH & indirectly negative feedback n pituitary gland reducing FSH, LH secretion |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Hypothalamus
}
TRH
}
Anterior pituitary
}
TSH
}
Thyroid
tyrosine
+ }
iodine
thyroxine
negative feedback |
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Term
|
Definition
inhibited by combination of estradiol & progesterone
stimulated by high levels of estradiol
FSH & LH- inhibited by low levels of estradiol |
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Term
|
Definition
Follicular phase (end with ovulation)
Luteal phase (end with degeneration of corpus luteum)
Uterine Cycle
Proliferative phase (coordinates with follicular phase)
Secretory phase (coordinates with luteal phase) |
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Term
|
Definition
fear of becoming obese despite progressive wt. loss, distorted body image, body wt. 15% less than normal for age & height because of refusal to eat.
absence of 3 consecutive menstrual periods. |
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Term
|
Definition
lesions limited to mucosa
chronic inflammatory condition that is common in Jewish or European descent.
lesions usually begin appearing between 20-40 years.
Lesions located from rectum to colon proximally.
assoc. with mouth ulcers, epicleritis, anterior uveitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis in the liver, gallstones, alterations in coag & migratory polyarthritis. |
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Term
|
Definition
Fundal is more rare & severe (type A)
antral- occurs most frequently in older adults (type B) |
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Term
|
Definition
sliding-most common & reverses with standing. It moves into the thoracic cavity with sitting, bending, tight clothing, ascites & obesity.
Paraesophageal-caused by herniation of the greater curvature of the stomach thru a second opening in the diaphragm. |
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Term
|
Definition
protein to which iron is bound in epithelial cells
Initially it is bound to intestinal transferrin. |
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Term
| Calcium phosphate & phosphoproteins |
|
Definition
| bind iron in the intestinal lumen & reduce absorption |
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Term
|
Definition
| protein carrier for vitamin B12 to enter plasma |
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Term
|
Definition
| responsible for breaking the end amino acids away from the ingested protein. |
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Term
| Cephalic phase of gastric juice secretion |
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Definition
smelling
seeing
tasting
chewing
swallowing food |
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Term
| Function of the stomach acid |
|
Definition
intrinsic factor is secreted from parietal cells within the stomach.
Acid is responsible for dissolving food fibers & acts against bacteria.
Also cleaves pepsinogen to pepsin. |
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Term
| Enterchromaffin-like cells |
|
Definition
| secrete histamine in the stomach |
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Term
|
Definition
| secrete gastrin in the antrum of the stomach |
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Term
|
Definition
| secrete pepsinogen in the stomach |
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Term
|
Definition
| secrete hydrochloric acid & intrinsic factor |
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Term
|
Definition
| causes relaxation in the esophagus |
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Term
|
Definition
| increases contraction of stomach by lowering the threshold potential of muscle fibers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| increase contraction of stomach by lowering the threshold potential of muscle fibers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| hormone that causes inhibition of stomach contractions by raising the threshold potential |
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Term
|
Definition
The upper third is striated muscle & innervated by motor neurons
The middle third is striated & smooth muscle
The lower third is smooth muscle innervated by preganglionic fibers from the vagus nerve. |
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Term
|
Definition
| cholinergic fibers stimulate the salivary glands |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| abscess near a lymph node, usually inguinal node |
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Term
|
Definition
| chancre that is painless & ulcerated lesion |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| assoc with HPV & is soft, skin colored, whitish-pink to red-brown, discrete growth. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| assoc with syphilis & consist of wart-like lesions that are flat, moist, & hypertrophied. |
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Term
|
Definition
unilateral pain in the scrotum
Red & swollen area on the scrotum
pyuria (pus in the urine)
bacteriuria |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| provide nutrients & the hormonal signals they need to develop into sperm |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates the ovary to release the ova & secrete progesterone |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibits follicle-stimulating synthesis & secretion |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ovulation marks the beginning |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| glands begin to secrete a thin glycogen-containing fluid |
|
|
Term
| Follicular/Proliferative Phase |
|
Definition
| represents the maturation of the ovarian follicle & proliferation of the endometrium |
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Term
|
Definition
syndrome of increased ADH activity inspite of reduced plasma osmolarity,
hyponatremia
urine osmolarity > serum
urine Na>30
normal BUN/Cr |
|
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Term
|
Definition
fluid restriction
Na replacement
diuretics (Lasix) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cause: lesion in pituitary, head trauma
s/s: polydipsia, (thirst)polyuria 2.5-6 L/d.
incr. urine volume
urine osmo<200
S.G. <1.005
hypernatremia
water deprivation test
DI if plasma osmo>295, urine osmo<500 |
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Term
|
Definition
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