Term
| How many members of the Melanocortin receptor system are there? |
|
Definition
5 known members:
-MC1R
-MC2R
-MC3R
-MC4R
-MC5R |
|
|
Term
| Action of Anterior Pituitary Hormones - Alpha Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (Melanocortin) receptors are what type of receptors? |
|
Definition
7-Transmembrane, G Protein-Coupled receptors
(rhodopsin family) |
|
|
Term
| MC1R is associated with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MC2R is associated is known as what? What is it specific for? |
|
Definition
| "ACTH Receptor" or "Corticotropin Receptor" and it's specific for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). |
|
|
Term
| What is known about MC3R? |
|
Definition
| (not much known about it yet) |
|
|
Term
| What is defects are associated with MC4R? |
|
Definition
| Defects cause autosomal dominant obesity, accounting for 6% all cases of early-onset obesity. |
|
|
Term
| What are MC5R receptors inhibited by? |
|
Definition
Endogenous inverse agonists:
-agouti signaling peptide
-agouti-related peptide |
|
|
Term
| What are MC5R receptors activated by? |
|
Definition
Endogenous agonist:
-melanocyte-stimulating hormones (melanocortin) |
|
|
Term
MC1R:
Potency of Ligands
Antagonists
Primary Functions |
|
Definition
POL:
alpha MSH= ACTH> beta MSH> gamma MSH
Ant: Agouti
PR: Pigmentation, Inflammation |
|
|
Term
MC2R:
Potency of Ligands,
Antagonists,
Primary Functions |
|
Definition
POL: ACTH (specific),
Ant:Agouti,
PR: Steroidogensis |
|
|
Term
MC3R:
Potency of Ligands,
Antagonists,
Primary Functions |
|
Definition
POL: alpha MSH= beta MSH= gamma MSH= ACTH
Ant: Agouti, AGRP
PF: Energy homeostasis |
|
|
Term
MC4R:
Potency of Ligands,
Antagonists,
Primary Functions |
|
Definition
POL:
alpha MSH= ACTH> beta MSH> gamma MSH
Ant: Agouti, AGRP
PF: Energy homeostasis, erectile function |
|
|
Term
MC5R:
Potency of Ligands,
Antagonists,
Primary Function |
|
Definition
PoL: alpha MSH> ACTH> beta MSH> gamma MSH
Ant: none listed
PF: Sebaceous gland secretion |
|
|
Term
alpha MSH involvement in pigmentation:
What is overall pigmentation determined by? |
|
Definition
| The distribution of two pigments eumelanin (brown to black) and phaeomelanin (yellow to red) |
|
|
Term
| Mutations in genes for what enzyme result in albinism? |
|
Definition
| Tyrosinase (it performs the rate limiting step in melanin biosynthesis) |
|
|
Term
| The type of melanin formed in melanocytes predominantly depends on the level of what? |
|
Definition
| Tyrosinase activity (regulated by cAMP) |
|
|
Term
| alpha MSH binds to MC1R in follicular melanocytes: what happens next? |
|
Definition
| amplification/elevation of cAMP activation... Tyrosinase Activity increased... resulting in EUMELANIN SYNTHESIS!!! |
|
|
Term
| From what structure is Agouti-signaling protein (ASP) produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What acts as an antagonist of MC1R? It inhibits eumelanin synthesis in follicular melanocytes and epidermal melanocytes... FACILITATES production of Phaeomelanin, the default product of the melanin biosynthetic pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MC4R knockout causes what? What does this indicate about the MC4R? |
|
Definition
| Hyperphagia (extreme hunger/appetite) and severe obesity; indicates that the alpha MSH receptor normally mediates a tonic inhibitory effect on energy balance. |
|
|
Term
| MC3R knockout results in what? What does it indicate? |
|
Definition
| Mild obesity (without hyperphagia). It indicates an involvement of this alpha MSH receptor in regulating food absorption efficiency and the partitioning of energy stores into fat. |
|
|
Term
| In birds, alpha MSH acts through which receptors? What does alpha MSH binding do? What does Agouti-related protein binding (rather than alpha MSH) do? |
|
Definition
| MC3R and MC4R. alpha MSH binding inhibits food intake. AGRP binding stimulates food intake. |
|
|
Term
| What is Agouti-Related Peptide? |
|
Definition
| It's a neuropeptide produced in the brain and is co-expressed with Neuropeptide Y; |
|
|
Term
| What does Ghrelin facilitate? |
|
Definition
APPETITE INCREASE (AgRP induced);
Metabolism DECREASE:
Energy Expenditure DECREASE; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is leptin usually found ? . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adrenal Gland
Sub thalamic nucleus
hypothalamus
ALSO
lower expression in testis, kidneys and Lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypothalamic- pituitary- adRenocortical axis |
|
|
Term
| What does the hypothalamic- pituitary - adrenocortical axis release ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Agouti Protein act as? |
|
Definition
| an inverse agonist at melanocortin receptors , MC1 specifically |
|
|
Term
| is Agouti protein paracrine, autocrine , or neurocrine ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Agouti protein do? |
|
Definition
| melanin receptors and Causes hair follicle melanocytes to synthesize pheo Melanin , a yellow pigment , instead Of the black or brown pigment eumelanin |
|
|
Term
| what is the relationship between Agouti/AGRp and alpha MSH? |
|
Definition
| They are inhibitors of alpha MSH |
|
|
Term
| what are additional roles of Agouti and AGRP ? |
|
Definition
| Regulation of lipid metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What is follicle stimulating hormone? |
|
Definition
a hormone synthesized by and secreted by gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary gland
it regulates the development , growth, pubertal maTuration, and reproductive processes of thethe body |
|
|
Term
| With which hormone does FSH act synergistically in the reproductive process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is FSH a glycoprotein or a peptide hormone ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To which hormone's structure is FSH similar ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FSH Stimulates the maturation of germ cells in males or females ? |
|
Definition
| Trick question: Both males and females |
|
|
Term
| in males, what does FSH induce? |
|
Definition
induces sertoli cells To secrete inhibin
stimulates the formation of sertoli- sertoli tight junctions (zonula occludens ) |
|
|
Term
| in mammalian females what initiates follicular growth, specifically by affecting granulosa cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in female birds, what is involved in the development of many tiny follicles days or weeks before they become Competent to ovulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Birds have a Luteal phase ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In females, what is the key hormone for Ovarian folliculogenesis and induction of steroidogenesis? |
|
Definition
| FSH is the hormone for those two things |
|
|
Term
| what size follicles Does FSH have an influence on ? |
|
Definition
Less mature, large, yolky follicles,
small follicles
NOT on large preovulatoy follicles |
|
|
Term
| FSH stimulates proliferation and differentiation of what cells, and induction of what and what production. |
|
Definition
| FSH stimulates proliferation and differentiation of granulosa cells, and induction of progesterone and steroid hormone production. |
|
|
Term
| In male birds, FSH does what? And facilitates the long term maintenance of what? |
|
Definition
| In male birds, FSH not only stimulates tubular growth of the testes and spermatogenesis at puberty, but also facilitates the long term maintenance of quantitative normal spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
| In birds, is FSH controlled by Gnrh? |
|
Definition
| The control of FSH expression and release is not clearly understood in birds. In contrast to mammals, FSH does NOT seem to be controlled primarily by GnRH |
|
|
Term
| Photostimulation, acting by way of what system, increases plasma FSH levels and pituitary FSH levels in chickens |
|
Definition
| It acts by way of the central nervous system. |
|
|
Term
| Estradiol and inhibin play a role in pituitary FSH secretion by way of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors, besides estradiol and inhibin, may also play a role in FSH secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FSH and LH are released in what fashion? |
|
Definition
| Asynchronus and Pulsatile |
|
|
Term
| The dynamic pulsatile pattern of FSH release seems necessary for the maintenance of what, in the fowl? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Luteinizing hormone / LH / Lutropin produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In females, an acute rise of LH (LH Surge) triggers what? |
|
Definition
| Ovulation and development of the corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| In males, LH (aka interstitial cell-stimulating hormone [ICSH]) stimulates what? |
|
Definition
| Leydig cell production of testosterone |
|
|
Term
| LH works synergistically in mammals, but not in what type of animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LH is essential for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In females, at the time of menstruation, FSH does what? |
|
Definition
| Initiates follicular growth, specifically affecting the granulosa cells |
|
|
Term
| With the rise in estrogen level, what are also expressed on the maturing follicle, that in turn makes the follicle produce an increasing amount of estradiol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At follicular maturation, estrogen rise leads to what? (via hypothalamic interface), and results in an LH Surge over a 24 to 48 hour period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does LH surge trigger? |
|
Definition
| Ovulation, not only releasing the egg, but also initiating the conversion of the residual follicle into a corpus luteum. |
|
|
Term
| What does the Corpus Luteum do? |
|
Definition
| Produces progesterone to prepare the endometrium for a possible implantation. |
|
|
Term
| What is necessary to maintain luteal function for the first two weeks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the case of a pregnancy, what will further maintain luteal function in place of Luteinizing Hormone? |
|
Definition
| Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) |
|
|
Term
| HCG is very similar to which other hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does LH Support in the ovary? |
|
Definition
| Theca cells - (they provide androgens and hormonal precursors for estradiol production) |
|
|
Term
| What is the trigger for ovulation? |
|
Definition
| LH surge, with some input from FSH |
|
|
Term
| By what pathway are the effects to of LH mediated? |
|
Definition
| Effects of LH are mediated via activation of the adenylate Cyclase pathway and the resulting cAMP induction. |
|
|
Term
| cAMP elevation leads to 3 distinct steps to induce ovulation... What are these three steps? |
|
Definition
A. Stimulation of steroidogenesis
B. Stimulation of cyclooxygenase / lipooxygenase
C. Stimulation of plasminogen activator to convert plasminogen to plasmin |
|
|
Term
| what is the 4th and crucial step in ovulation? |
|
Definition
| LH induced increase in collagenase along with involvement of leukotrienes and prostaglandins as well as plasmin |
|
|
Term
| What does active collagenase do in the ovulation process? |
|
Definition
| causes degradation of collagen in the follicle wall. |
|
|
Term
| what does plasmin do in the ovulation process? |
|
Definition
| causes further degradation of the follicular wall |
|
|
Term
| What does collagen's digestion and break down of collagen fibers result in? |
|
Definition
| It results in an opening of the follicular wall, with the formation of the stigma, followed by the stigma's rupture, which is focused at the apex of the antral (Graafian) follicle (whose follicular wall is degraded). WTF does this mean? |
|
|
Term
| In a superficial and vague manner, state what follicular rupture is facilitated by. |
|
Definition
| Rupture is facilitated by mechanical factors operating within the follicular wall |
|
|
Term
| Prostaglandins and leukotrines cause what in the follicle wall? |
|
Definition
| Smooth muscle contractions |
|
|
Term
| What facilitates LH induced follicular rupture? |
|
Definition
| Progesterone (not estrogen) |
|
|
Term
| Before ovulation, Which hormones' levels increase rapidly? |
|
Definition
| Estrogen and Luteinizing hormone. |
|
|
Term
| which hormone (out of estrogen and LH) falls immediately before ovulation actually happens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the two hormones that rise before ovulation begins, which falls only after ovulation has taken place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two hormones rise right after the ovulation event happens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the two hormones that rise after the ovulation event (progesterone and FSH), which drops significantly then rises again? |
|
Definition
| FSH drops (during the maintained corpus luteum phase) then rises again (then the corpus luteum regresses, follicles grow). |
|
|
Term
| of the two hormones that increase after the ovulation event has taken place (Progesterone & FSH), which maintains a plateau and helps maintain the corpus luteum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two hormones' levels decrease to initiate the beginning of estrus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps, in sequence, of the estrus cycle (monoestrous of polyestrus)? |
|
Definition
Monoestrus:
1. Anestrus
2. Proestrus
3. Estrus
4. Ovulation
5. Implantation
6. Gestation
7. Parturition
8. Lactation ->2. proestrus(startover)
POLY: same, except proestrus-estrus leads to metestrus, then diestrus, then back to proestrus. |
|
|
Term
| In the male, what acts upon Leydig cells of the testis and is responsible for the production of testosterone and other androgens that exert both endocrine activity and intratesticular activity on spermatogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The release of LH from the anterior pituitary gland is controlled by pulses of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from which neuroendocrine gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls the hypothalamus's pulses of GnRH release? |
|
Definition
| Testosterone from the gonads |
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is hCG a glycoprotein or a peptide hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes hCG and when is it made? |
|
Definition
| It is made by the developing embryo and is produced during pregnancy. Later, it is made by the syncytiotrophoblast (part of the placenta) |
|
|
Term
| is hCG monomeric or dimeric? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The alpha subunit of hCG is identical to which other hormones' alpha subunit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the beta subunit of hCG unique or does it have commonalities with other hormone's beta subunits? |
|
Definition
| The beta subunit of hCG is unique unto itself |
|
|
Term
| What hormone has been used to induce estrus in farm animals and to induce super-ovulant |
|
Definition
| equine chorionic gonadotroppin (used in conjunction with progesterone to induce estrus in farm animals. |
|
|
Term
| Which animals all have the same beta subunit in the Chorionic Gonadotropin (CG) hormone? |
|
Definition
| Horse, donkey, zebra, (placental CGs) |
|
|
Term
| HCG interacts with the LHCG Receptor and promotes what? |
|
Definition
| the maintenance of the corpus luteum during the beginning of pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
| What does the corpus luteum secrete during the beginning of pregnancy in response to HCG? |
|
Definition
| Corpus luteum secretes progesterone |
|
|
Term
| What does progesterone (secreted by the corpus luteum) do to the uterus? |
|
Definition
| It enriches the uterus with a thick lining of blood vessels and capillaries so that it can sustain the growing fetus. |
|
|
Term
| Due to its highly (positive/negative) charge, hCG may repel the immune cells of the mother, protecting the fetus during the first trimester |
|
Definition
| hCG has a highly negative charge. |
|
|
Term
| It has been hypothesized that HCG may be a placental link for the development of what? And how is this illustrated? |
|
Definition
| hCG may be a placental link for the development of focal immunotolerance as illustrated by the increase in T cell apoptosis in the endometrium after hCG. |
|
|
Term
| LHCG receptor can be desensitized by overstimulation, true or false? |
|
Definition
| True, LHCG receptors can be desensitized by overstimulation |
|
|
Term
| Estrogen and Luteinizing Hormone can upregulate LHCG receptor expression, true or false? |
|
Definition
| True. Estrogen and LH can upregulate receptor |
|
|
Term
| When LHCG receptors are regulated down, what is the effect on production of LH and progesterone? |
|
Definition
| Decrease in production of LH and progesterone. |
|
|
Term
| The severity of morning sickness has possibly been linked to levels of which hormone in pregnant women? |
|
Definition
| HCG levels in pregnant women |
|
|
Term
| Because of its similarity to LH, hCG can also be used to clinically induce ovulation, as well as testosterone production in the testes, true or false? |
|
Definition
| True, hCG is similar to LH, and can be used to clinically induce ovulation and testosterone production |
|
|
Term
| HCG extracted from the urine of pregnant women is used for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HCG also plays a role in cellular differentiation or proliferation and may activate what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Light exposure stimulates the reproductive cycle, true or false? |
|
Definition
| True, Light exposure does stimulate the reproductive cycle |
|
|
Term
| As inhibin increases, what does FSH do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As inhibin increases, what does LH do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As inhibin increases, what does progesterone do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the relationships of FSH LH Progesterone and Inhibin? |
|
Definition
| FSH=LH decreases opposite Progesterone = Inhibin increase |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus releases what hormone to the pituitary to affect the reproductive cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In response to GnRH, what does the Anterior pituitary release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does FSH from the anterior pituitary target? And what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Follicles, growth of the ovum |
|
|
Term
| What does LH, released from the anterior pituitary, target? And what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Targets the large follicles, and the small follicles |
|
|
Term
| What does LH do in the large follicles? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates them, and they produce Progesterone |
|
|
Term
| What does LH do to small follicles? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates them, and the produce androgens, estrogens |
|
|
Term
| What does the large follicle produce that has a negative feedback effect on the pituitary to downregulate the production of FSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the large follicle produce that has a negative feedback effect on the pituitary's production of LH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sequence of hormonal interaction among the hypothalamus, adenohypophysis (ant.pit.), and ovary, resulting in ovulation in hens? |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus (LHRH) -> Ant.Pit. (LH) -> Ovary, produces follicles (follicles produce progesterone) -> negative feedback on the hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
| Which Hypothalamic Hormones stimulate the ant.pit. to secrete Prolactin? |
|
Definition
| PRH, Dopamine (decreases prolactin secretion PIH), TRH |
|
|
Term
| Which Hypothalamic hormones stimulate the ant.pit. to secrete TSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the ant.pit. to secrete ACTH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hypothalamic hormones stimulate the ant.pit. to release (or inhibit the release of) Growth Hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hypothalamic hormone stimulate the ant.pit to release FSH and LH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does prolactin target, and what hormones are eventually released from target? |
|
Definition
| Gonads in birds and mammals (anti-gonadal effect), also Breasts - produce milk in mammals, Crop milk in pigeons |
|
|
Term
| What does TSH target, and what hormones are produced by target? |
|
Definition
| Thyroid gland, and Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) which affect many tissues |
|
|
Term
| What does ACTH target, and what hormones are produced by target, and what are the effects? |
|
Definition
| Adrenal Cortex, produces cortisol, has effect on many tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is the target of GH, and what hormones does the target produce? |
|
Definition
| Liver is target among other tissues, will produce IGFs. |
|
|
Term
| What are the targets of FSH and LH, and what do the targets produce? |
|
Definition
| The endocrine cells of the gonads, and they produce androgens (in males) and estrogens and progesterone (in females)... also effects the germ cells of the gonads directly. |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones come from the ant.pit./adenohypophysis/pars distalis? |
|
Definition
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH - Polypeptide)
Melanotropins (alpha MSH, beta MSH - Polypeptide)
Lipotropins (beta LPH, gamma LPH - Polypeptide)
Prolactin (PRL - protein)
Luteotropin (LTH - protein)
Growth Hormone (GH / STH - protein)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH - Glycoprotein)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH aka
Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) - Glycoprotein)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH - Glycoprotein) |
|
|
Term
| What hormones come from the posterior pituitary/ pars nervosa / Neurohypophysis? |
|
Definition
Vasopressins (ADH),
Vasotocins (birds)
Oxytocins
Mesotocin (birds)
All are octapeptides |
|
|
Term
| What hormones come from the median eminence? |
|
Definition
| Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones (peptides and others) |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones come from the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
TRH - Tripeptide
LHRH - Decapeptide
FSH-RH - Decapeptide
PIF - Decapeptide |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones come from the Pineal Gland? |
|
Definition
| Melatonin - Acetylated derivative of trytpamine |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones come from the Thyroid glands? |
|
Definition
Throxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) - Iodinated derivative of an amino acid
Calcitonin - Polypeptide |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone does the ultimobrachial gland produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone does the parathyroid gland produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormones do the Thymus Gland produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormones do the Pancreatic Islets produce? |
|
Definition
| Insulin and Glucagon - Polypeptides |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones do thte Adrenal Glands produce? |
|
Definition
Medulla - Epinephrine and Norepinephrine - Catecholamines
Cortex - Corticosterone, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgens, Estrogens - Steroids |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones do the Gonads produce? |
|
Definition
Ovary - Progesterone, Estrone, Estradiol, Estriol - Steroids
Testes - Testosterone, Androstenedione |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stimulates adrenal cortical cells to produce corticosteroid hormones
All vertebrates listed the same function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stimulates thyroids to produce thyroidal hormones.
(All vertebrates listed the same function) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of FSH and LH? |
|
Definition
Stimulate gamete function (FSH);
Secretion of sex hormones (LH);
induce ovulation (LH) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Prolactin? |
|
Definition
Amphibeans (Induces water drive / migration) in newts;
Reptiles (various functions in connection with breeding)
Birds (functions in connection to breeding; stimulates pigeon crop milk production
Mammals (Various functions in connection breeding; stimulates mammary growth and lactation) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Growth Hormone? |
|
Definition
Stimulates growth
(All vertebrates listed as same) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amphibians - Pigment dispersion in melanophores
Reptiles - same
Birds - Feather color; anorxigenic (energy balance)
Mammals - Hair color; anorexigenic (energy balance) |
|
|
Term
| Vasopressin/Vasotocin function? |
|
Definition
| Antidiuretic activity (also, in amphibeans - increases permeability of anuran skin to water) |
|
|
Term
| Oxytocin /mesotocin functions? |
|
Definition
Birds - Stimulates uterine contractions during oviposition
Mammals - Milk ejection during suckling; stimulates uterine contractions during parturition and coitus |
|
|
Term
| Median eminence hormones functions? |
|
Definition
Controls release of pars distalis (anterior pituitary) hormones.
All vertebrates listed as same. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amphibeans - Metamorphosis
Reptiles - Differentiation
Birds - 1. Differentiation
2. Calorigenic action in regulation of body temperature
Mammals - Same as birds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parathyroid hormone function? |
|
Definition
Increases blood calcium.
All vertebrates listed as same. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amphibeans - Lowers blood sugar
Reptiles - Relatively insensitive to insulin
Birds - Relatively insensitive to insulin
Mammals - Lowers blood sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Raises blood sugar.
All vertebrates listed as same. |
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Term
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine function? |
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Definition
Raises blood sugar and blood pressure.
All vertebrates listed as same. |
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Term
| Adrenal Corticosteroids function? |
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Definition
Na+ & K+ regulation; Carbohydrate metabolism; stress response.
All vertebrates listed as same. |
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Term
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Definition
Amphibeans - "Reproductive events"
Reptiles - "Reproductive events"
Birds - Ovulatory events
Mammals - Ovulatory events and gestation |
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Term
| Ovarian and testicular sex steroids function? |
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Definition
Development of gonoducts; secondary sex characteristics; sexual behavior.
All vertebrates listed as same. |
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Term
| What is the "ULTIMATE Endocrine Gland"? |
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Definition
| According to Dr. Edens - "The Gut" |
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Term
| What structure in the hypothalamus controls the pineal gland? |
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Definition
| The Superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
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Term
| Where is the pineal gland located in birds? |
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Definition
| Between the cerebellum and the Neopallium (sagittal swelling) |
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Term
| What is the sequence from tryptophan to melatonin? |
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Definition
| Tryptophan -> Serotonin -> Melatonin (released from the pineal gland) |
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Term
| Where is the Pituitary Gland located in birds? |
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Definition
| Behind the optic chiasma in the brain |
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Term
| Is the avian or the human pineal gland bigger and more sensitive? |
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Definition
| The avian pineal gland is bigger and more sensitive than humans |
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Term
| What type of chronological rhythm is the cortisol rhythm? |
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Definition
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Term
| The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus is a biological _________? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the SCN do for the pineal gland? |
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Definition
The SCN regulates the pineal gland to secrete melatonin in a rhythmic manner
Melatonin's rhythm may synchonize daily circadian events
Jet lag is a lack of synchrony among circadian rhythms |
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Term
| Cells within the pineal gland and hypothalamus are _______ by light stimulation |
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Definition
Cells within the pineal gland and hypothalamus are affected by light stimulation.
(French experimenter who removed the eyes of hens and observed light exposure effects) |
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Term
| Melatonin production is light-influenced, true or false? |
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Definition
| True, Melatonin production is light-influenced. |
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Term
| Photoreceptors exist on the pineal gland and hypothalamus, true or false? |
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Definition
| True. Photoreceptors do exist there. |
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Term
| What type of sexual effect does elevating melatonin levels have? |
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Definition
| Antigonadal effect. Diurnal vs Nocturnal. |
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Term
| What's another "common name" for melatonin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Melatonin is only produced in the (Dark/Light)? |
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Definition
| Melatonin is only produced in the dark. Secreted at night when sleeping. It is the chemical messenger that transmits information about the light-dark cycles to the brain center that governs the body's biological clock. |
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Term
| Can a circadian rhythm be reset? |
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Definition
| Yes, a circadian rhythm can be reset by traveling to a different time zone. |
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Term
| In chickens and mammals, what type of endocrine gland is the pineal gland? |
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Definition
| It is the follicular type of gland. There is lymphoid tissue associated with the pineal gland. |
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Term
| Does the immune system fall under effects of melatonin production? |
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Definition
| Yes, the immune system falls under the effect of melatonin production. |
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Term
| One can change melatonin secretion in birds by changing what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Melatonin anti-gonadal effects: List for Turkeys, Rats, and Humans... |
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Definition
| Antigonadal effects exist in Rats (M&F), Humans (M&F), and Turkeys (just females) |
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Term
| As melatonin goes up, what goes down? |
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Definition
Core body temperature
Subjective alertness |
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Term
| As melatonin goes up, what also goes up? |
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Definition
Triacylglycerol concentration
Performance reaction time (takes longer to do things - sleepier) |
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Term
| Is there a significant difference in the melatonin production of the different sexes? |
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Definition
| No. No difference bewteen the sexes. |
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Term
| In younger people, is the production of melatonin higher or lower than that of elderly people? |
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Definition
| It's higher in younger people than in older people. |
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Term
| In younger people, is melatonin production onset earlier or later than that of elderly people? |
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Definition
| It's earlier than elderly people. |
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Term
| Which light-phase will have the lowest levels of melatonin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pineal extraction promotes elevated physical activity, true or false? |
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Definition
| True. Pineal gland extraction promotes physical activity levels |
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Term
| Melatonin produced in the eye acts via which manner of endocrine transmission? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lower melatonin levels will be found in normal or in pinealectomized animals? |
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Definition
| Lower melatonin will be found in pinealectomized animals |
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Term
| Melatonin inhibitory reproductive function |
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Definition
Antigonadal due to short photoperiods, but prevented if pinealectomized
Antigonadal if optic nerve is severed regardless of photoperiod length
Advanced sexual maturation in if photoperiod is long or continuous |
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Term
| Reproductive stimulation by melatonin |
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Definition
| Short scotophase stimulates reproduction in long day breeders (chickens) but inhibits reproduction in short day breeders |
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Term
| Melatonin antigonadal effects via FSH and LH |
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Definition
| Antigonadal effect due to decreased FSH and LH secretion from ant.pit.; prevented by pinealectomy |
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Term
| Synthesis of melatonin controlled via what? |
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Definition
| Via activity of the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. |
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Term
| What precursor of melatonin is increased during the photophase? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is melatonin produced? |
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Definition
| N-acetyltransferase increases in scotophase, yielding N-acetylserotonin; then, hydroxindol-O-methyltransferase subsequently increases to produce melatonin. |
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Term
| How is melatonin biosynthesis accomplished? |
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Definition
| It's accomplished via suprachiasmatic nucleus norepinephrine stimulation of pinealocyte beta 1-adrenergic receptors |
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Term
| Is melatonin present in all vertebrate animals? When is the peak level of melatonin ? When is the lowest level of melatonin observed? |
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Definition
| Yes. Melatonin is present in all vertebrate animals. Peak levels are seen midscotophase (dark phase), lowest levels are seen in midphotophase (light phase) |
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Term
| Increased melatonin promotes decreased physical activity and sleep, true or false? |
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Definition
| True. Increasing melatonin promotes decreased physical activity. And promotes sleep. |
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Term
| Pineal rhythms entrains biological clocks for physiological function on a circadian basis. Yes or no? |
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Definition
| Yes. Pineal rhythms entrain biological clocks for physiological functions on a circadian basis. |
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Term
| Where are the circadian rhythms really set in motion? |
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Definition
| The suprachiasmatic nucleus |
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Term
| Circadian rhythmicity is based on what, metabolically? |
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Definition
| Based on circadian glucose utilization. |
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Term
| What is the "pacemaker" for pineal activity? |
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Definition
| The suprachiasmatic nucleus |
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Term
| Can circadian rhythm be lost with pinealectomy or ablation of SCN? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's an interesting fact about pineal transplant donor/ recipient relationship? |
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Definition
| The recipient of the pineal gland will acquire the rhythms of that of the donor. |
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Term
| Circadian rhythmicity is controlled at the molecular level by what structures? |
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Definition
| It is controlled at the molecular level by the SCN and in the pineal gland. |
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Term
| Circadian rhythmicity develops along with aging, in mammals. At birth what is it, in early ages what is it, and in elderly what level of circadian rhythm is there? |
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Definition
| C.R. is absent at birth, increased during early ages, and diminished in the elderly. |
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Term
| Which hormone appears to have an "anti-aging" influence? |
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Definition
| Melatonin seems to have an anti-aging influence |
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Term
| What hormone can phase-shift circadian physiological functions? |
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Definition
| Melatonin can phase shift physiological functions. |
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Term
| Retinal melatonin is linked to rod/cone responses to photo/scotophase actions. True or False? |
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Definition
| True. Retinal melatonin is linked to rod/cone responses to photo/scotophase actions. |
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Term
| Ocular melatonin contributes to persistent melatonin rhythmicity, even in pinealectomized animals, true or false? |
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Definition
| True. Ocular melatonin contributes to persistent melatonin rhythmicity, even in pinealectomized animals. |
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Term
| Which animals have directly photosensitive pineal glands, aka they synthesize and secrete melatonin in the absence of light (regardless of optical exposure)? |
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Definition
| Birds, Teleosts (Fish), Cyclosomes (?), elasmobranches, amphibeans, and reptiles. |
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Term
| By which receptors does melatonin act (which type)? |
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Definition
| Melatonin acts via G-protein-coupled receptors |
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