Feeling that differs from normal affective state.

Normal varies from person to person.

Conveys info to others.

1. Happy  2. Anger  3. disgust

4. Surprise  5. Sadness    6. Fear

fMRI taken while showing disgusting images.

Anterior Insula involved with develop/regcog of disgust

-Inate in all people

-emotional expression differs across culture and gender.  EG, display rules, not ok for boys to cry.

- Facial expressions constant across species

-Activation of Limbic system produces specific emotions.

- Evidence:

1. Amygdala damage=decreased emotions

2. Amygdala stimulation= production of emotion

3. Stimulation of mesolimbic path = pleasure & reward

1. Amygdala/Hippocampus (attach emotion & learning)

2. Cingulate/Septum/Meso (Pleasure & reward, identify certain things)

3. Hypothalamus/Thalamus (Social behavior and survival)

Physiological arousal -> subjective feeling

Snake-> trembling->fear

1. Increase in physiological arousal = increace subjective

2. Different emotions have different physiological activation

1. NT levels differ w/ different emotions (Fear increases Epine, Anger increases Norep.)

2. Psychoactive drugs increase brain activity, increase intensity of feeling

3. Autonomic (Involuntary) feelings, High spinal cord injuries have less emotional intensity because less body feedback

- Physiological arousal & Subjective feelings occur simultaniously (Physiological by autonomic [involuntary] & subjective by central nervous system)

1. autonomic activation same for all emotions

2. subjective feeling can occur w/o physiological

-Placebo and Epine injection get same anger response

-(against) Physiological activation differs among emotions (NT levels of nore and epine differ with emotions)

-Physiological arousal is labeled w/ a subjective feeling after cognitive processing of internal and external situation

- we interpret emotion before labeling it

1. cognitive apprasal of physio arousal results in subjective feeling

2. environment plays a role

1. Groups w/ epine and placebo, were either informed, misinformed, or uninformed

2. Placed in happy or unpleasant environ.

- Danger of starvation, exposure to elements, and mortal attack

- Survival of the fittest, flight or flight

-Catastrophic or personal loss

- Catastrophe: Your saftey or someone else's saftey is in danger

- Personal Loss: unexpected or sudden loss of family member, friend, pet.

-Anxiety, worry of something ot happen in the future

-EX: Katrina survivor, witness murder

- Caused by overactivation of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis "Stress axis"

- Long term, minimal effect builds up over time

- Societal, burnout, compassion fatigue, daily hassel, life changing event

Societal

- Home, work, school

- unemployment, poverty, racism

- Continuous stress from work, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization

- Physicians, College Students, teachers

- Any change, positive or negative can cause stress.

- New job, marriage, college

1. Alarm reaction: presentation

2. Resistance: Coping, dealing

3. Exhaustion: detrimental effects

- Activation of sympathetic nervous system by increase of HR, BP, glucose, perspiration, "fight or flight"

- Increase in adrenal hormones, more alert

- Long term metabolic adjustment of adapting to stressor

- Continued sympathetic NS activity

- Glucocorticoid realsed (stress hormone), irritates immune system whcih makes it difficult to deal with new stressor

- Inhibition of sexual reproduction, reduction of sperm, testosterone, menstruation, ovulation

- "Running on empty"

- lipid and Carbohydrate reserves run out

- can result in illness and death

- More susceptibility to disease because of immunosupression

- Acute stressors evoke natural immune repsonse

- chornic stressors evoke maladaptive immune response

- hippocampus volume reduction, imparied learning and memory

- Amygdala sends out immediate signals

- Hippocampus reduced in size in vietnam veterans