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| became leader of one the Frankish kingdoms in 481. |
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| the leading palace official for the French king. |
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| this church's political power grew in Europe and becoming a powerful member of medieval society. This church claimed to have authority over kings. |
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| Leader of the Roman Church |
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| during this pope's rule the power of the Roman Church was at it's hightest |
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| During the Middle Ages, Europe experienced a warm period that enabled farmers to grow more crops. |
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| a legal document listing the privileges of the townspeople. |
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| ruler who founded the Norman dynasty in England after invading the country 1066 |
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| The count of Paris who founded a new dynasty in France at the end of the 10th century |
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| A king in France who seized up much of the English-controlled land in France during the reign of King John of England. |
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| This grandson of William the Conqueror strengthened the English royal authority by using circuit courts. |
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| Men who collected taxes for the king and ensured justice in carrying out laws. |
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| Local citizens who accused criminals |
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| a record of accusations issued by the court |
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| ("Great Charter") limited the royal power started because of King John's abuse of authority. |
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| started as a group of advisers to the king and gained more power by grating or withholding it's approval of new taxes. |
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| phrased that refers to parliament's authority to limit the king's power by controlling the tax system. |
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| a large Italian city located on the Adriatic Sea. They had a vast navy and a republican government. |
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| a decree that denied groups access to sacraments. |
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| people who were accused of starting the Black Plague and were persecuted because of this lie. |
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| attempts to liberate the Holy Land started in 1095 and lasted late into the 13th century. Unfortunately these efforts did not succeed in liberating the Holy Land. |
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| a class of people made up of wealthy merchants who became rich from increased trade during the middle ages. |
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| A bench on which money lenders sat, which later became the name of places for changing money |
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| Banks issued these to wealthy merchants. |
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| the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal). Christian and Muslim forces struggled over sections of this peninsula for 5 centuries. |
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| Rules and Expectations for Knights |
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| Roman church decree which placed church property out of bounds for fighting. |
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| restricted fighting to certain days of the week. |
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| subjects privileged studied during the middle ages. |
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| a large church often built in wealthy cities. |
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| architectural style that used many elements of the Roman Style. |
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| New style of architecture that used external supports known as flying buttresses, had higher ceilings, thinner walls, bigger windows, and were warmer and brighter. |
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| Gothic architectural feature that provided external support, enabling churches to be taller. |
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| write Divine Comedy which is an imaginary journey through hell, purgatory, and paradise. |
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| Famous English poet during the medieval times who wrote The Canterbury Tales. |
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| the first calamity to strike large areas of Europe during this period. It lingered for years and caused slow and agonizing deaths. |
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| Fought between England and France 1337-1453 |
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| because the last Capetian King had no male heir; this King of England, who was related to the French royal family through his mother, claimed the right to the French throne. The French nobles rejected him and selected Phillip the VI instead. Thus started the Hundred Years' War |
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| a peasant girl who believed she was being directed from heaven to drive out the English. Although she lead the French to victory, the English captured her and burnt her at the stake. |
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| a plague that killed an estimated twenty-five million people. The church of Rome lost much of its credibility because they could not stop it and Jews were blamed for causing the plague and were persecuted because of it. |
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| stories written by Chaucer that gave information about medieval live in England. |
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| positive results of the crusades. |
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Greek and Arabic writings were brought back to Europe.
Knowledge about science, math, astronomy, diseases and more were brought to Europe.
Europe experienced an increase in trade due to Eastern products.
Manufacturing methods were also brought back. |
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