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| the complete process of growth and maturation by which a fertilized egg becomes a mature adult |
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| from fertilization to birth |
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| from fertilization to the end of the 8th week |
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| from the beginning of the 9th week to birth |
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| generally older than 20, although some brain/skeletal development may not be complete |
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| Cellular Processes of Development |
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Definition
1) Cell Division
2) Migration
3) Differentiation
4) Cell-to-Cell Interaction
5) Apoptosis |
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| (aka Mitosis aka cleavage) results in growth; process by which cell numbers increase |
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| Often cells must migrate from site of production to their final destination |
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| conversion of cells from a general, nonspecific form into a more mature/specific form; most embryonic cells are undifferentiated and may differentiate/mature into a variety of cell types |
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| interaction of neighboring cells via contact or chemical cues to initiate migration or differentiation |
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| AKA programmed cell death AKA cellular suicide; normal planned death of cells to shape or sculpt anatomic structures |
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| results from carefully synchronized waves of cell growth, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis to result in the final anatomical form |
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| Signaling Molecules (SMs) and Growth Factors (GFs) |
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| responsible for the regulation of development; produced by embryonic and maternal cells |
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SMs
(Signaling Molecules) |
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| present on cell surfaces; cause differentiation of adjacent cells; allows cell2cell interaction to guide migration along specified paths |
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| ex of a SM; important for differentiation |
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| Integrins and Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) |
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Definition
| ex of SMs; CAMS allows attachment of neighboring cells and facilitates cell migration |
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| released into extracellular fluid; may act directly on neighboring cells or via [gradients] across distances; controls cell growth and diff. |
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| 4 Families of Secreted Growth Factors |
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Definition
1) Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)
2) Hedgehog
3) WNT (Wingless)
4) Transforming Growth Factor B (TGFB) |
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| family of Secreted Growth Factors associated with blood vessels, limb, brain, and axon growth |
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| family of Secreted Growth Factor associated with the nervous system, gut and limb, and regional patterning |
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| family of secreted growth factor associated with limb, brain, and urogenital diff. |
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| Transforming Growth Factor B (TGFB) |
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Definition
| family of secreted growth factor associated with cell div, migration, and apoptosis |
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| the result of altered normal development; alterations in cell div, migration, diff., cell2cell interax., and apoptosis can all lead to malformations |
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| developmental events occurring too soon, too late, or out of sequence will result in a malformation; ex: cleft palate |
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| the palate forms from two shelves of tissue that hang vertically and rotate horizontally to fuse; if rotation happens prematurely=failure of fusion/cleft palate; if rotation happens too late=failure of fusion/cleft palate |
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| a cmpd/agent that disrupts embryonic or fetal development |
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1) various pharmaceuticals
2) environmental pollutants
3) alcohol consumption
4) cig. smoke
5) some infections agents
6) excess temps
7) radiation |
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Definition
| time during development when an organ system is sensitive to teratogens; occur during organ formation or a vital maturation step; exposure to a teratogen during a CP can produce a major malformation; exposure to a teratogen outside of a CP has little to no adverse effect |
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Definition
| Fetal Origin of Adult Disease |
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| Examples of Fetal Programming |
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| low birth weight= inc. risk of coronary heart disease, hyper-T., and T2 diabetes |
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Definition
| a cell membrane containing two nuclei--one from the egg and one from the sperm--and cytoplasm |
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| relatively thick covering of glycoprotein around the fertilized egg; functions like a protective shell; begins to disintegrate 5-6 days following fertilization |
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| the fertilized egg AFTER the egg and sperm nuclei combine; mitosis commences |
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| early embryonic cells still enclosed in the zona pellucida; |
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| cells with the ability to develop into a complete embryo; blastomeres up to the 8 cell stage are totipotent; past the 8 cell stage, differentiation has progressed to the point that cells are no longer individually totipotent |
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| result from the separation of a totipotent blastomere or the splitting of the zygote; both components continue development into genetically ID embryos |
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| 16 cell, tightly compacted cell mass; the zona pellucida restricts the growth of successive blastomeres causing them to become smaller/more compact with each division/cleavage |
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| cells to the center of the morula destined to become the embryo proper |
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| outer cells of the morula destined to become the trophoblast |
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| part of the blastocyst; 1 cell layer thick 'membrane' surrounding the blastocoel cavity; formally outer cell mass of the morula; the precursor of the placenta, eventually the placenta itself |
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| the embryo, following the completion of the morula stage, marked by the 'hatching' of the embryo from the zona pellucida and the rapid growth attributed to blastocoel formation |
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| AKA blastocystic cavity; the fluid filled cavity inside the morula formed as the zona pellucida disintegrates |
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| formally the inner cell mass of the morula; during blastocoel formation the cell mass was pushed to one side; will become the embryo proper |
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| the side of the blastocyst on which the embryoblast is found |
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| AKA Fallopian Tube; site of fertilization; zygote divides as it moves through the tube; each cell div takes ~20hrs |
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| 3-4 days post-fertilization |
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Definition
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| 4-5 days post-fertilization |
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| 32 cell compacted morula enters the uterus |
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| 5-6 days post-fertilization |
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| the early blastocyst begins to form as fluid enters the disintegrating zona pellucida |
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| ~7 days post-fertilization |
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| the late blastocyst is completely free of the zona pellucida and has attached to the uterine wall |
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| the process by which the blastocyst is embedded in the uterus; 3-4 day process beginning on the 6-7th day post-fertilization with blastocyst settling onto the endometrium; ends on ~10th day once blastocyst is completely embedded in the endometrium |
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| Point of Attachment of the blastocyst to the endometrium |
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| always at the embryonic pole |
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| the differentiated trophoblast cells at the embryonic pole; differentiation begins when the embryonic pole contacts the endometrium |
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| (after the blastocyst contacts the endometrium) the cells of the trophoblast surrounding the blastocystic cavity that are not at the embryonic pole |
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| What two cell types make up the blastocyst during implantation? |
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Definition
| Syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts |
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