Term
| Three stages of embryonic development |
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Definition
Early development
embryonic period
fetal period |
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Term
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Definition
| occur during organogenesis in the embryonic period |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal organization of cells into tissue i.e. teratoma |
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Term
| Fertilization and Implantation occur during what stage of development? |
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Definition
| First stage, Early development |
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Term
| Organs and body parts form during this stage and are HIGHLY susceptible to injury |
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Definition
| 2nd stage- Embryonic period |
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Term
| What organs are still susceptible to injury during fetal period? |
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Definition
| Brain, eyes, ears, pallate, teeth, external genetalia |
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Term
| Early development occurs in what time frame? |
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Definition
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Term
| Embryonic period occurs in what time frame? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fetal period occurs during what time frame? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitosis occurs at what part of cell cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two identical cells with same chromosome # and content result upon completion of this process |
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Definition
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Term
| Congenital anomalies account for what % of infant deaths in the US |
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Definition
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Term
| 2ndary oocyte & spermatids are regarded as what in mitosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chromosome line up during which phase of mitosis |
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Definition
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Term
Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear
during which phase of Mitosis |
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Definition
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Term
| chromosomes are pulled apart during which part of Mitosis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Meiosis results in what for males and females? |
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Definition
4 spermatids for males
1 ovum & 3 polar bodies for females |
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Term
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Definition
| Crossing over in prophase of Meiosis I, where daughter cells become genetically different from parent cell |
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Term
| Meiosis creates how many daughter cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Primordial germ cells are also known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe where gamete forming cells come from? |
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Definition
Come from epiblast during 2nd wk of development and migrate to yolk sac
germ cells migrate to lower thoracic region and multiply via mitosis |
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Term
| Spermatogenesis takes place from ____ to _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the primordial germ cells in men/women? |
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Definition
Males= sertoli cells
Females= follicular cells |
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Term
| What cells secrete testosterone to begin the process of spermatogenesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Difference between spermatogenesis & spermiogenesis |
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Definition
Spermiogenesis is conversion of spermatids to mature sperm
Spermatogenesis begins with spermatogonia goes through mitosis, then meiosis, and results in 4 spermatids, 1N |
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Term
| What is the final step in maturation of the sperm? |
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Definition
| Capacitation; this occurs in the vagina near cervix |
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Term
| Where do sperm go once spermiogenesis is complete? |
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Definition
| Into the seminiferous tubules |
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Term
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Definition
1-primary germ cells>> spermatogonia>> primary spermatocyte via mitosis
2- primary spermatocyte>> 2ndary spermatocyte>> ends in 4 spermatids via meiosis |
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Term
| By week 12 of development, oogonia enter first meiotic prophase and become dormant until when? |
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Definition
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Term
| The capsule of the oocyte and the follice become what together? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does ovulation begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two stages of ovarian cycle |
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Definition
1- Follicular
2- luteal phase |
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Term
| Primordial follicles thicken into what type of cells as a result of changes in LH and FSH |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones spike right before day 14 of the menstrual cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary follicle in female gametogenesis becomes what ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Graafian follicles? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is the first meiotic division completed in female gametogenesis? |
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Definition
| Its completed prior to ovulation forming a 2ndary oocyte and the 1st polar body |
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Term
| Under what circumstances does the 2nd division of meiosis occur in female gametogenesis? |
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Definition
| ONLY if fertilization takes place |
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Term
| 3 differences between male & female gametogenesis |
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Definition
1- Oogenesis happens in utero vs. before puberty in males
2- definite # of oocytes vs. infinite # of spermatocytes
3. meiotic cycle for oocyte is 10-50yrs vs. 9 wks for spermatogenesis |
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Term
| If there is no implantation, what happens to corpus luteum? |
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Definition
| It degenerates and endometrium dissociates |
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Term
| If there is implantion, what hormone is secreted? |
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Definition
| HCG; which keeps corpus luteum producing progesterone for about 5 months |
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Term
| Describe the process of ovulation |
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Definition
1- Day 14 of period, FSH & LH spike causing primary oocyte in Graafian follicle to resume meiosis
2- follicle ruptures and releases the oocyte
3- ruptured follicle forms corpus luteum
4- corpus luteum maintains uterine endometrium in a condition ready to receive an embryo |
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Term
| what secretes HCG if implantion does occur during ovulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Patient has webbed neck, no ovaries, lymphedema of lower extremeties |
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Definition
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Term
| Patient born with skin folds, slanted eyes, facial abnormalities, and extra 21 chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
| child born with congenital heart defect, lowset ears, malformations of skeletal system |
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Definition
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Term
| child forebrain did not develop properly, also display intellect disability |
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Definition
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Term
| Young male, has barr body, testicular atrophy, chromosome 47 XXY |
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Definition
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Term
| Child has no substantial offset physical features, but is slow to speech |
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Definition
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Term
| microdeletion seen in patient on maternal chromosome 15; demonstrates poor motility, cannot speak, long periods laughter |
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Definition
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Term
| patient has hypotonia, obesity, hypogonadiasm, and microdeltion on paternal chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Inactive x sex chromatin caused by non disjunction |
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Term
| Role of the corpus luteum |
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Definition
| secretes progesterone & estrogen, maintains pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
1- sperm gets through corona radiata
2- sperm gets through zona pellucida
3- plasma membranes fuse together
4- completion of meiotic 2nd division
5- formation of the male pronucleus
6- male and female pronucleus fuse forming zygote |
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Term
| the sperm has crossed the corona radiata and now is attempting to penetrate the zona pellucida. what enzyme is released? |
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Definition
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Term
| Zona rxn and Cortico rxn do what? |
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Definition
Zona- changes conformation of zone receptor on zona pellucida
cortico- changes plasma membrane to prevent other sperm from getting through |
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Term
| Diploid genome, beginnings of cleavage, genetic sex of embryo are all objective results of what process? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fertilization of the oocyte is now how many 'N' upon completion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Contraceptive pill, depo-provera, and ru-486 ALL have what in common? |
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Definition
| They contain progesterone, which moderates feedback of FSH. It also makes uterine secretions more viscous & harder for sperm to move through |
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Term
| Implantation will likely not occur with out what hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what point does the zygote begin cleavage? |
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Definition
| within 24hrs of fertilization |
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Term
| The zygote has been fertilized and is now undergoing several mitotic divisions. What is this process called? |
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Definition
| Cleavage; theres not growth and it remains with the zona pellucida |
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Term
| Cells are increasing gap junctions and surface contact with other cells, while shifting their cytoplasm. Whats happening? |
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Definition
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Term
| Following compaction what is formed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does fertilization occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many days does it take from fertilization to implantation? |
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Definition
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Term
| At day 4, what is the zygote ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ultrasound shows that a womans fetus has implanted in the lower part of the uterus and is now covering her cervix. What is this called and what are the risks associated with this condition? |
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Definition
| Placenta previa, with possible infection and bleed risk |
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Term
| Upon ultrasound, a young womans child is seen with a disconnected placenta. What is this referred to as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Placenta accreta is what? |
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Definition
| abnormal growth of the placenta |
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Term
| What are the two parts of the blastocyst? |
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Definition
Emrbyoblast- forms embryonic tissues
Trophoblast- forms placenta |
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Term
| The epiblast and the hypoblast come from what part of the blastocyst |
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Definition
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Term
| The cytiotrophoblast and the syncytiotrophoblast come from what part of the blastocyst |
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Definition
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Term
| Husban and wife come in with pregnancy issues. Upon further inspection, its determined woman has a UTI, how could this affect the fetus? |
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Definition
oligohydrominos- too little amniotic fluid
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Term
| Why is 2nd week called the week of 2's? |
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Definition
Begins with 2 embryonic layers
embryoblast forms 2 layers
trophoblast forms 2 layers
2 cavaties w/in the embryo form |
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Term
| How do Hydatidiform moles come about? |
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Definition
| They form the fertilization of an empty oocyte. Causes high levels of HCG. its made of placenta and trophoblast. and has swollen villi |
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Term
| Partial pregnancy moles have what specific chromosomal characteristic? |
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Definition
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Term
| The 3 germ layers arise through what process? |
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Definition
| Gastrulation, from the epiblast |
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Term
| The head of the epiblast looks similar to what shape? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of cells are in the notochord? |
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Definition
| Mesoderm and endodermal cells |
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Term
| how does the notochord develop? |
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Definition
| It develops as a hollow tube-like invagination of cells from the primitive pit |
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Term
| CNS development, anatomic midline/orientation is all a function of what important embryological structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are Neurenteric cysts found and how common are they? |
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Definition
| They account for 0.7-1.3% of spinal axis tumors. These rare lesions result from the inappropriate partitioning of the notochordal plate during the third week of human development |
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Term
Head-tail fold
Making a flat embryo tubular
going from flat to partially closed structure
What is the process for doing all of these tasks? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the trilaminar embryo as a result of embryonic folding? |
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Definition
| It becomes a tubular embryo |
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Term
| What two things play a major role in determination of body axes? |
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Definition
| Primitive streak and primitive node |
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Term
| An x ray image shows a man with his organs as a mirror image of their correct location. What is this? |
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Definition
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Term
| Upon xray imaging, the heart was found to be on the right side of the body. What is this? |
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Definition
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Term
Alcohol use could contribute to which body axes defects?
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Definition
| Holoprosencephaly, when midline cells are deficient |
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Term
| Olgo- (not enough amniotic fluid) would cause what possible defect in a stillborn fetus? |
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Definition
| sirenomelia or mermaid legs due to abnormal development of caudal regions |
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Term
| Describe Sacroccygeal teratoma |
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Definition
| It occurs as a result of the primitive streak and pluripotent cells. Teratoma= tumor. This condition is found on the tail bone usually, but can form on multiple tissues |
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Term
| When is the embryonic period? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main events of the embryonic period? |
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Definition
3 cell layers undergo differentiation
Organogenesis- organ systems form
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Term
| What exactly is the trilaminar embryo? |
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Definition
| Its an embryo in its early development that exists in three germ layers, these layers arise from the epiblast during the 3rd week, right after gastrulation |
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Term
| What becomes of the ectoderm? |
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Definition
| it becomes the surface of the skin, and undergoes neurulation. After neural folding, the neural tube is formed, which forms all of the CNS |
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Term
| What happens to the mesoderm during the embryonic period? |
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Definition
it divides 3 ways:
1- axial skeleton (paraxial)
2- urinary/genital system (intermediate mesoderm)
3- later plate
Also addds to development of blood |
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Term
| The brain and spinal cord is forms from what extodermal derivative? |
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Definition
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Term
| What day does the CRANIAL neuropore close in the process of neural folds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What day does the CAUDAL neuropore close during neural folding? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cells end up going into the gut, skin and migrate through the embryo? It is another ectodermal derivative. |
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Definition
| Neural crest cells. Detach from neural tube and migrate |
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Term
| Neural crest cells form what??? |
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Definition
GANGLIA!
parasympathetic ganglia
sensory ganglia
autonomic and dorsal root ganglia |
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Term
| Ear, teeth, eye, anterior pituitary gland, hair, nails, epidermis, mammory glands... These are all arise from what germ layer? and what part |
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Definition
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Term
| How many mesoderms are there? Their names are? |
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Definition
| 3: paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate |
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Term
| Which germ layer contributes to the yolk sac? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Epithelial lining, allantois, arenchyma, stroma of tonsils/thymus |
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Term
| Epithelium develops from what germ layer? |
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Definition
| it can develop from any of the 3 germ layers |
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Term
| Endoderm and Ectoderm malignant tumors are referred to as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mesoderm benign tumors are called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ectoderm and Endoderm benign tumors are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mesoderm malignant tumors are what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A tumor composed of cells from more than one germ layer |
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Term
| Tumors in the muscle area of the mesoderm are called what |
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Definition
Myoma- benign
myosarcoma- malignant |
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Term
| When is the fetal period? |
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Definition
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Term
| What parts of the fetus are still susceptible to injury during this time? |
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Definition
| brain, eyes, ears, pallate, genitalia, teeth |
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Term
| A woman comes in for an ultrasound around her 12th wk of pregnancy. The doctor sees all the organ systems developed and the figure of a human now visible. What period of development is this? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the major site of erythropoiesis at wk 9 of the fetal period? |
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Definition
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Term
| A woman would like to know when she will be able to see whether her child is a male or a female. What week should she come in for an ultrasound? |
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Definition
| Week 9 the external genetalia are visible |
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Term
| Red blood cells are first made in what site? |
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Definition
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Term
| its week 13-16, what do we know about this time of the fetal period? |
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Definition
Sites of ossification and bones form
The eye is moving and facing forward |
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Term
| The primary ovarian follicle and testes descend during what weeks |
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Definition
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Term
| What is being secreted in the lungs by weeks 21-25? |
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Definition
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Term
| The spleen is making blood cells, but its approaching week 28, whats going to make the blood cells now? |
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Definition
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Term
| The finishing period of pregnancy takes place when? |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver, the bone marrow, the yolk sac, and the spleen are all responsible for making blood, but at what time periods? |
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Definition
0-12wks yolk sac
12-30wks liver
12-24wks spleen
by wk 30 bone marrow |
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Term
| Which two organs are making blood at the same time during the fetal period? |
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Definition
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Term
| A first time mom is pregnant at age 48.. What procedure may the doctor suggest to check the health of the baby? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would someone get an amniocentesis done? |
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Definition
| IF.. parents are X linked arriers, neural tube defects, chromosomal abnormalites, previos downs syndrom child, mother is in elderly age |
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Term
| Primary ovarian follicles form and testes descend during what weeks |
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Definition
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Term
| Surfactant is secreted into lungs during what week |
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Definition
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Term
| Fetus can breathe, CNS controls body temp at how many weeks |
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Definition
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Term
| what week does bone marrow start making blood |
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Definition
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Term
| cardiovascular and respiratory prep has begun for baby to enter the world at which weeks? |
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Definition
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Term
| A primordial follice has what type of cells? |
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Definition
| Squamous follicular cells |
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Term
| pruning of the glycocalix takes place when? |
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Definition
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Term
| Shedding of the zona pelucida allows what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary yolk sac is lined by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary stem villus consist of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Notochord derives from which 2 layers |
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Definition
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Term
| Persistence of the primitive streak will cause what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Placenta is formed from what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Amniotic cavity surrounded by epiblast ONLY
Yolk sac lined by hypoblast ONLY
Uterine epithelium is in contact with syncytiotrophoblast ONLY |
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Term
2ndary stem vili consist of what 3 things
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Definition
| Cyncitiotropho, syncytiotropho, extraembryonic endoderm |
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Term
| Primitive streak forms from what layer |
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Definition
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Term
| Chorionic plate comes from where? |
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Definition
| Somatopleuric of extraembryonic mesoderm |
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Term
| When primary stem villi become 2ndary stem? |
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Definition
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Term
Between mother and fetus are what 4 layers
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Definition
| Syncytiotropho, cytotropho, loose CT, and endothelum of villus capillaries |
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Term
| The chorion comes from where? and is composed of what? |
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Definition
1- trophoblast
2- somatopleuric, cytotropho, syncytotropho |
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Term
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Definition
| All placenta and trophoblast- a hyaditiform mole |
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Term
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Definition
| Top part= head of epiblast |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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