- transcription factor that guides the endoderm development in the primitive gut

Shh

- transcription factor that guides the mesoderm development in the primitive gut

Hox gene expression

- organ specific gene for the lung

Retionic Acid - Tbx4/5

- organ specific gene for the stomach

Sox2

- organ specific gene for the Pancreas

Pdx1

- organ specific gene for the Small bowel

CdxC

- organ specific gene for the Large bowel

CdxA

- contains the nose, nasopharynx, oropharnynx, pharyngeal pouches, vascular supply (aortic arches), nervous supply (cranial nerves)

Pharyngeal Gut

- contains the lower respiratory tract, esophagus, stomach, proximal duodenum, liver, pancreas, vascular/nervous (vagus)

Foregut

- contains the distal duodenum, ileum (vitelline duct), cecum, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 transverse colon, SMA, Neural Crest origin (celiac/mesenteric ganglion)

Midgut

- distal 1/3 of transverse colon to the anus

Hindgut

- esophagus does this as embryo develops

elongates

- primary muscular differences between proximal and distal esophagus

Skeletal (voluntary) vs Smooth (involuntary)

- this mesentery contains the gut associated vessels and consists of the fusion of the right and left visceral mesoderm

Dorsal Mesentery

- rapid growth of the dorsal stomach creates this structure

greater curvature

- as the greater omentum is formed, these are the two shifts/rotations that create the stomach as we know it

90 degrees to the left, 90 degrees caudally

- the vagal nerves rotate 90 degrees so that the right and left vagus become

dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior)

- this muscular thickening of a region of the stomach can present with projectile vomiting and requires just a single incision to surgically fix

- usually occurs in male children ~1 yr who are given formula rather than breast fed

Pyloric stenosis

- this layer develops into the hepatic cords

endoderm

- vitelline and umbilical veins along with the hepatic cords create these

hepatic sinusoids

- the mesoderm of the septum transversum gives rise to these hepatic support cells

Kupffer cells, hematopoietic cells, CT

- the proximal aspect of the hepatic bud narrows and becomes this important GI canal

bile duct

- the gallbladder originates from this structure

distal bile duct

- the endoderm gives rise to these specialized liver cells

hepatocytes

- this primitive structure becomes the head of the pancreas following a 270 degree rotation to the right

Ventral bud (hepatic)

- the fusion of the ventral pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung) with the dorsal and subsequently the common bile gives rise to this structure

ampulla of Vater

- abnormality where dorsal duct persists separate from ventral duct

duct of Santorini

- this pancreatic abnormality can cut off the duodenum and cause severe GI problems that are only fixed by surgery

annular pancreas

- ectopic pancreatic tissue can end up in these places

duodenum, ileum, stomach

- rapid growth of this limb of intestines initiates the 270 degree rotation that goes out into the umbilical cord and then regresses back into the stomach by week 10

Cranial

- a persistence of the vitelline duct is called this

Meckel's diverticulum

- the axis of rotation for the midguy

SMA (superior mesenteric artery)

- when intestines persist in the umbilicus and are covered by amnion

omphalocele

- when intestines persist (after initial regression) in the umbilicus and are covered by amnion AND peritoneum

Congenital umbilical hernia

- abdominal contents that are extrude out of the abdominal cavity without any covering on the viscera

Gastroschisis

- the hindgut is initially continuous with this structure

allantois

- this structure can cause malformations when it does not do its job right (urovaginal fistula, uroureter fistula, urobladder fistula)

Urorectal septum

- initial point of fusion for the urorectal septum occurs at this anatomical structure

perineal body

- the caudal 1/3 of the rectum's epithelium arises from this

ectoderm