homeostatic mechanisms of

kidneys

• regulates EFC vol. & osmolarity
• regulates EFC electrolyte levels
• regulates pH of ECF by excretion/retention of H ions
• excretes metabloic wastes

homeostatic mechanisms of

cardiovascular

• circulate blood to kidneys
• react to hypovolemia by stimulating fluid rention

homeostatic mechanisms of

lungs

• eliminate most of H ions
• act promtly to correct A/B disturbances- M alkalosis-compensatory hypoventilation, CO2 retention   Macidosis-compensatory hyperventilation, CO2 excretion
• remove ~300ml water/day

homeostatic methods of

adrenal glands

• secrete aldosterone to regulate water, Na, K (aldosterone=Na retention)
• cortisol secretion in large amounts Na & water retention

homeostatic mechanisms of

pituitary gland

• stores and releases ADH-which retains water
• increase ECF osmotic pressure-ADH secretion
• decrease ECF osmotic pressure-decreased ADH
• controls blood volume

homeostatic mechanisms of

nervous system

• inhibits & stimulates mechanisms influencing fluid balance
• regulate oral intake by sensing ICF dehydration & triggering thirst

homeostatic mechanisms of

parathyroid glands

• regulate Ca & phosphate balance w/ PTH
• increased PTH-elevated serum Ca, lower serum HPO4
• decreased PTH- lowered serum Ca, increase serum HPO4

hyponatremia Sx

<135

confusion

edema

hypotension

headache
n/v/d
abdominal cramps
muscle cramps
weakness
fatigue

hypernatremia Sx

>145

restlessness

weakness

disorientation, delusion, hallucinations

potential permanent brain damage

dry mouth
decreased urination
fever
tachycardia
thirst
hypotension
seizures

hypokalemia Sx

<3.5

muscle weaknessleg

muscle cramping

fatigue

paresthesias

dysrhythmias
confusion
paralytic ileus
thready pulse
N/V
alkalosis

hyperkalemia Sx

>5.0

muscle pralyze

weakeness

cramping

twitching

arrhythmia

dypnea

hypotension

EKG changes

much more dangerous than hypoK

hypocalcemia Sx

<4.5

numbness or tingling of fingers, mouth, feet

parasthesia

tetany

spasm

arrhythmia

bone demineralization

Trousseau's sign

Chvostek's sign

hypercalcemia Sx

>5.1

consitpation

N/V

bone pain

slurred speech

thirst

excessive urination

decreased neruomuscular excitability

weakness

CNS depression

fatigue

decreased deep tendon reflexs

cardiac arrhythmias

increased risk kidney stones

hypomagnesemia Sx

<1.3

muscle weakness

tremors

tetany

seizures

heart block

changes in mental status

hyperactive DTRs

respitory paralysis

hypermagnesemia Sx

>2.3

N/V

weakness

flushing

lethargy

loss of DTRs

respiratory depression

coma

cardiac arrest