Volume depletion 

occurs in cases of

Hemmorage

severe burn

Chronic vomiting

Diarrhea

Another name of

volume depletion

Proportionate loss of

water and sodium are 

lost without

replacement is

the body eliminates 

significantly more water

than sodium

ECF osmolarity rises

Dehydration

Provides a means of

controlling water output

independently of

sodium

ADH

(antidiuretic hormone)

What condition can

lead to excess fluid

retention

Renal Failure

Both sodium and water

are retained with

the ECF remaining 

isotonic

Volume Excess

more water than

sodium is retained or

digested and the ECF

becomes hypotonic

Hypotonic Hydration

a condition in which

excess fluid accumulates in a 

particular location

Fluid

Sequestration

The most common

of

sequestration is

Edema

A condition in which 

several liters of fluid

accumulate in the

pleural cavity

Blood that pools and clots

is lost to circulation

Hemorrhage

The principal cation

of the ECF

Na+

How many grams of

sodium does an

adult need per day?

0.5 grams

Plasma sodium concentration

is excess of 145mEq/L

Can result from the administration

of intravenous saline

Hypernatremia

Usually the result of excess

body water rather than

excess sodium

excretion

Hyponatremia

The most abundant cation

of the ICF

K+

What imbalance is the most

dangerous of all

electrolyte imbalances?

A sudden

increase in extracellular

K+ makes nerves

and muscle cells

abnormally

excitable

a sudden rise in K+

can result in

cardia

arrest

if extracellular K+ rises

too slowly in can

make the nerve and

muscle become

rarely occurs but can occur

in people with depressed appetites,

heavy sweating, chronic vomiting or

diarrhea, excessive use of laxatives,

aldosterone hypersecretion, or

alkalosis

Hypokalemia

What anion plays a major

role in the regulation

of body pH?

Cl-

what ion is strongly attracted

to Na+, K+, and Ca2+

T or F

Hypercalcemia causes muscular

weakness, depressed reflexes,

and cardiac arrhythmia

True

T or F

Hypocalcemia  causes the nervous

and muscular system to become

overly excitable?

True

which releases H+ ions

a base or an acid

An acid

What accepts H+ ions

an acid or a base

A strong acid

does it lower or raise

the pH of a solution?