1. " America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked..."

2. This is the faith that I will so back to the South with. With this faith.."

Anadiplosis

repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the next clause

"But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the vaults of oppertunity of this nation. Amd so we have come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security if injustice."

-Martin Luther King Jr.

Analogy

using either a familiar object or idea to compare to a less familiar idea to help the listener/reader understand, OR using a well-accepted favorable idea to compare with a less-favorable one to gain audience approval or vice versa

"I'm not here tonight to discuss my religion. Im not here to try and change your religion. I'm not here to argue or discuss anything that we differ about."

-Malcom X

Anaphora

 repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses

"To those of us whose philosophy is black nationalism, the only way you can get involved in the civil-rights struggle is give it a new interpretation. That old interpretation excluded us. It kept us out. So, we're giving a new interpretation to the civil-rights struggle, an interpretation that will enable us to come into it, take part in it."

"When you take your case to Washington, D.C., you're taking it to the criminal who's responsible; it's like running from the wolf to the fox. They're all in cahoots together. They all work political chicanery and make you look like a chump before the eyes of the world. Here you are walking around in America, getting ready to be drafted and sent abroad, like a tin soldier, and when you get over there, people ask you what are you fighting for, and you have to stick your tongue in your cheek. No, take Uncle Sam to court, take him before the world."

Anecdote

a briefly summarized story usually included to personalize an issue and connect emotionally with the reader/listener

"The ballot or the bullet"

-Malcom X

Antithesis

contrast of ideas created through parallel construction of opposite words, phrases, or clauses

"It'll be Molotov cocktails this month..."

-Malcom X

"...the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities."

-Martin Luther King Jr.

Assonance

intentional repetition of 3 or more vowel sounds among nearby words

Asyndeton

deliberate omission of conjunctions in a series of related clauses

 "Now is the time to life our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children."

-Martin Luther King Jr.

"We're all in the same boat and we all are going to catch the same hell from the same man."

-Malcolm X

Bandwagon

using peer pressure to make it seem like everyone else agrees with you

Bribery

indicating that your audience will gain something from agreeing with you

"Those Honkies that just got off the boat, they're already Americans; Polacks are already Americans; the Italian refugees are already Americans."

"And these handkerchief-heads who have been dillydallying and pussy footing and compromising -- we don't intend to let them pussyfoot and dillydally and compromise any longer."

Colloquialism

      <!--[endif]-->conversational/familiar language particular to a particular region or dialect 

"...by the color of their skin but by the content of their character."

-Martin Luther King Jr.

Connosance

repetition of 3 or more consonant sounds among nearby words

"No, I'm not an American."

"That's camouflage, that's trickery, that's treachery, window-dressing."

Ellipsis

omission of a word or words that are readily implied by the context

Epanelipsis

repetition of the first word of a clause at the end of the same clause

'I'm not here tonight to discuss my religion. I'm not here to try and change your religion."

"We're all in the same boat and we all are going to catch the same hell from the same man. He just happens to be a white man. All of us have suffered here, in this country, political oppression at the hands of the white man, economic exploitation at the hands of the white man, and social degradation at the hands of the white man."

"I don't even consider myself an American. If you and I were Americans, there'd be no problem. Those Honkies that just got off the boat, they're already Americans; Polacks are already Americans; the Italian refugees are already Americans. Everything that came out of Europe, every blue-eyed thing, is already an American. And as long as you and I have been over here, we aren't Americans yet."

Epistrophe

repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses

"I don't see any American dream; I see an American nightmare."

"If we don't do something real soon, I think you'll have to agree that we're going to be forced either to use the ballot or the bullet."

"If they draft you, they send you to Korea and make you face 800 million Chinese. If you can be brave over there, you can be brave right here. These odds aren't as great as those odds. And if you fight here, you will at least know what you're fighting for."

Farce

   <!--[endif]-->extreme exaggeration of something that in reality may be quite logical to prove a point

I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.

Flattery

directly or indirectly complimenting the audience to get them on your side

Don't let anybody tell you anything about the odds are against you. If they draft you, they send you to Korea and make you face 800 million Chinese.

Hyperbole

 <!--[endif]-->exaggeration of something to create an effect

Idiom

an expression whose intended meaning is different than the literal meaning of the words used

"No, not I."

-Malcom X

Inverted Syntax

intentional unconventional rearranging of word order to create an effect

You don't need to go to the employer alone, it is the government itself, the government of America, that is responsible for the oppression and exploitation and degradation of black people in this country.

And these handkerchief-heads who have been dillydallying and pussy footing and compromising -- we don't intend to let them pussyfoot and dillydally and compromise any longer.

Juxtaposition

    putting normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases together to generate a novel (new/interesting) effect

"And these hankerchief head who have been dillydallying and pussy footing and compromising -- we don't intend to let them pussyfoot and dillydally and compromise any longer."

-Malcom X

Loaded Terms

 words that inspire deeply positive (purr words) or deeply negative reactions (weasel words)

"It takes two to tango; when I go, you go."

"Our mothers and fathers invested sweat and blood."

Metaphor

direct comparison of two unlike things

And these handkerchief-heads who have been dillydallying and pussy footing and compromising -- we don't intend to let them pussyfoot and dillydally and compromise any longer.

Name Calling

directly or indirectly labeling those against you in a negative way

"Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to buisiness as usual."

-Martin Luther King Jr.

Opponent's POV

acknowledge and refute opponent’s argument

Oxymoron

combining a pair of contradictory terms into a single unusual expression

Paradox

a statement of seemingly contrasting ideas, but seems to make sense upon further inspection

Parallelism (Repetition)

intentional repetition of the same grammatical structure, which may also include a repeated word or phrase, in the same structural position at least 3 times in nearby sentences or segments of a sentence

Parallelism (Syntax)

intentional balancing clauses within a sentence to create equality of development between ideas (a.k.a. balanced sentence);

Personification

an inanimate or abstract object is given human qualities

Polysyndeton

deliberate use of many conjunctions for special emphasis

Pun

a play on words created from words with multiple meanings or words that sound the same

Rhetorical Fragment

intentional use of a sentence fragment to emphasize an idea

Rhetorical Question

  question intentionally posed to generate thought, but not intended to be answered

Sarcasm

a form of verbal irony generally intended as a witty insult

Security

indicating your audience may suffer harm/negative consequence if they don’t agree with you

Simile

      comparison of two unlike things using "like" or "as"

Slogan

a repeated phrase or idea that identifies the audience with an essential concept of a speech/campaign

Symbol

      an image, object, or character that stands for something intangible beyond its literal meaning

Understatement

deliberate representation of something as much less than it really is