Term
| Electrocardiogram or EKG or ECG |
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Definition
| Is a diagnostic test, performed at the bedside, that assists in the assessment of problems or disturbances with the electrical activity of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rhythm strip shows one lead. This is useful to determine rate and rhythm and as an ongoing tool during patient observation. |
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| Holter Monitoring and Stress Testing |
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Definition
| Holter monitoring involves equipping the patient with a portable EKG monitor that attaches to the patient's belt and electrodes that reside on the patient's chest. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person with heart disease whose heart has increased in size and mass. |
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Definition
| The heart is located in the chest slightly to the left of the breastbone. The heart resides in a space behind the sternum. |
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Definition
| In front of the spine between the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The top of the heart (the part closest to head is the base). |
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Term
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Definition
| The major portion of the base, which lies below the second rib, is established by the left atrium |
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Definition
| Tilts down and forward, toward the left side of the body. It is positioned between the fifth and sixth ribs in the left midclavicular line and rests superior to or above the diaphragm. |
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Definition
| Innermost layer of the heart wall made up of a thin layer endothelial cells and connective tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Innermost layer, thin, smooth, consist of endocardial cells and connective tissue, Lines heart's inner chambers, valves, muscles, continuous with vessel system, capillaries made up one thin layer of endothelial cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Middle layer, thick, muscular, Consists of cardiac muscle fibers, largest portion of hearts wall, contracts with each heartbeat and pumps blood, subdivided into subendocardial and subepicardial areas, left ventricle is thickest due to the function of this portion of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outermost layer of the heart wall formed by squamous epithelial cells and connective tissue containing nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymph capillaries, and fat. This is also the lay of the serous pericardium, establishing a continuum with the inner lining of the pericardial sac. |
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Definition
| Outermost layer, continuous with inner lining of pericardium, consist of squamous epithelial cells overlying connective tissue, contains nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymph capillaries, and fat, main coronary arteries lie on epicardial surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer of connective tissue, which is a tough, double-walled sac that protects the heart from injury and infection, encloses the heart. The pericardium consist of the outer fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium. |
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Definition
| Tough fibrous tissue that serves as the outer protective layer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin, smooth, inner portion of the pericardium that has tow layers. The inner layer is called the parietal layer. This layer lines the inner portion of the fibrous pericardium. The visceral layer lies on the outermost portion of the heart itself and is contiguous with the epicardium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the pericardium that results in an excess of pericardial fluid production. This can occur due to rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, a heart attack that destroys the heart muscle, viral or bacterial infection, or heart surgery. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition where blood, a purulent exudate, and/or pericardial fluid builds up in the pericardial space compressing the heart and interfering with the hearts ability to relax and fill with blood between heartbeats. |
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Term
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Definition
| A life-threatening condition in which the extra fluid or blood within the pericardial space creates a situation in which the heart is restricted and cannot fill adequately with blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| If a decreased amount of blood is forced out through the arterial system (cardiac output), this will in turn lead to a decreased amount which can return to the heart through the venous system. |
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Term
| Pericardial Effusion and Pericardiocentesis |
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Definition
| Pericardial Effusion and Tamponade are managed by a procedure called pericardiocentesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood that has already traveled around the body and is returning to the heart via the inferior and superior vena cavae. This deoxygenated blood also returns from the heart itself through the coronary sinus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The heart has four valves tow atrioventricular (AV) valves and two semilunar (SL) valves. The AV valves are the tricuspid valve on the right side of the heart and the mitral or bicuspid valve on the left side. |
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Term
| The SL Valves are pulmonic and aortic valve |
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Definition
| These valves are located in each of these great vessels of the heart (the pulmonary and aortic valve located in each of these great vessels of the heart the pulmonary artery and the aorta). |
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Term
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Definition
| When the valves close, they prevent the blood from flowing backwards into the chamber. |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls flow of blood between the atria and their corresponding ventricles. These valves consist of touch, fibrous rings, cusps (also called leaflets or flaps) of endocardium, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lies between the right atrium and right ventricle. The tricuspid valve consists of three separate cusps and is thinner than the mitral valve. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lies between the left atrium and left ventricle. The mitral valve (also called bicuspid valve) has two cusps and takes its name from the fact that it bears the shape of a bishop's hat called mitre when it is open). |
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Term
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Definition
| Located in the aorta and pulmonary artery to avoid back-flow of blood back into the ventricles. These valves are shaped like half-moons (therefore the name semilunar), have smaller opening than the AV valves and have smaller, thicker cusps than the AV valves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located where the pulmonary artery and right ventricles meet. The pulmonic valve allows deoxygenated blood to flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries without allowing blood to flow backwards into the right ventricle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located where the left ventricle and aorta meet. The aortic valve allows freshly oxygenated blood to flow into the aorta and out to the remainder of the body without backflow of blood into the left ventricle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood flows back into the heart chambers when a heart valve does not close properly. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stenosed valve occurs when a valve thickens, constricts, or for some reason becomes rigid. |
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Term
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Definition
| A valvular prolapse occurs when a valve cusp inverts. |
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Term
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Definition
| An S1-S2-S3 sequence sounds like a lub-dub-ta slosh-ing or Ken-tuck-y and is referred to as a ventricular gallop or gallop rhythm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the heart's physiology. |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| Cholinergic Nervous System releases the chemical acetylcholine that slows heart rate, decreases automaticity of the AV node, decreases conduction of the impulses through AV node decreases the force of contraction of the atria, and can mildly decrease the strength of ventricular contractions. |
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Term
| 1. Blood Flow Through the Heart |
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Definition
| 1. Blood enters the right atrium from superior vena cava. Coronary circulation is also emptied into the right atrium through the coronary sinus. |
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Term
| 2. Blood Flow Through the Heart |
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Definition
| 2. Blood in right atrium flows through right AV valve into right ventricle. |
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Term
| 3. Blood Flow Through the Heart |
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Definition
| 3. Contraction of right ventricle forces pulmonary valve open. |
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Term
| 4. Blood Flow Through the Heart |
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Definition
| 4. Blood flows through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk. |
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Term
| 5. Blood Flow Through the Heart |
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Definition
| 5. Blood is distributed by right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs, where it unloads carbon dioxide and loads oxygen. |
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Term
| 6. Blood Flow Through the Heart |
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Definition
| 6. Blood returns from lungs via pulmonary veins to left atrium. |
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Term
| 7. Blood Flow Through the Heart |
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Definition
| 7. Blood in left atrium flows through left AV valve into left ventricle. |
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Term
| 8. Blood Flow Through the Heart |
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Definition
| 8. Contraction of left ventricle (simultaneous with step 3) forces aortic valve open. |
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Term
| 9. Blood Flow Through the Heart |
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Definition
| 9. Blood flows through aortic valve into ascending aorta (blood is also pushed into the coronary arteries through the ostium as the ventricle relaxes). |
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Term
| 10. Blood Flow Through the Heart |
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Definition
| 10. Blood in aorta is distributed to every organ in the body, where it unloads oxygen and loads carbon dioxide. |
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Term
| 11. Blood Flow Through the Heart |
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Definition
| 11. Blood returns to heart via vena cavae. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure in the ventricles becomes less than the atria and the AV valves (tricuspid and mitral) open to allow blood to enter the ventricles. This second slower filling period is known as diastasis. At the end of diastasis, the atria contract (atrial systole) providing atrial kick which propels an extra 10% to ventricles is known as the end-diastolic volume (EDV). |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood Pressure is the pressure of circulating blood that is exerted on the walls of the arteries and is a principal vital sign. |
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Term
| Peripheral Vascular Resistance |
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Definition
| PVR is the resistance to the flow of blood. Two factors influence the resistance blood vessel diameter and the tone balance tension of the vascular musculature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to arterial pressure that is abnormally high, as opposed to hypotension, which is abnormally low blood pressure. |
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