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Elephantine Island- Satet/Khnum. was originally just Southern border, once Elephantine became significant, was drawn into Nome 1 Ptolemaic Period. Philae Island. customs point.
Kom Ombo/Nubt- site of ancient town/remains of the “double temple” dedicated to Sobek and Horus the elder, hypostyle halls, on high bluff overlooking water (unusual). Wadi Khant- leads to gold mines along Egypt/Sudan border. |
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| Edfu (agri land)- Mesen- market center. mound of edfu: ancient apollonopolis- horus of mesen. Temple of Horus of mesen: image of sun sinking between two hills- only found here. distinguishes this horus. |
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Nome 3: Esna, ancient latopolis
El Kab (ancient Nekheb, cult center, cemeteries), Nekhen (twins with nekheb, ancient hierakonpolis), Kom al-ahmar (the necropolis, one of oldest surviving brick structures, red cemetary from pottery of romans, find place of Narmer Palette- when 1st egyptian state emerging). principal deities: Horus/falcon god, Nekhbet vulture goddess. some of oldest deities of Egypt. |
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Armant-main site, not Luxor. main deity: Montu, another bird of prey.
Luxor god: Amun. developed into major town in Middle Kingdom. high hills come up to cultivation. at bend in river. Queen hatshepsut’s temple in bay of hills.
-valley of kings: built underneath view of natural pyramid.
-luxor =palace, structure, fortress. most wre actually temples.
-ancient waset, with 2 small villages. no national significance, no old kingdom arch remains. changes in middle kingdom.
-1750 BCE luxor important. royal monuments established- origins of Karnak.
-mortuary temple of mentuhotep II at dier al bahry, next to hatshepsut’s
-huge funerary temple for kings of dynasty II. major burial site during Middle Kingdom. great surviving monument of dynasty II.
-dynasty II: luxor as base of power, got lucky, family had land-owning families there and royal cemetery.
-Amun depicted as Min (fertility), also as himself. shown as human or Ram. not great god until dynasty 18, got lucky- family in waset grew significant.
-New Kingdom: Luxor is important town, additions to Karnak Temple. Karnak/Hatshepsus/Luxor temples linked. completed 19th-20th dynasties
-not a capital, just shrine center. greatest in new kingdom. where state celebrated |
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Nome 5: 3 main centers: Qus, Qift: market centers.
principal deities: Set & Min. (min for pharaonic, in mummiform, erect member, funerary deity.
Naqada/Tukh: southern town, 1st population center. lots of pottery.
Nome 6: Qena: was gov’t center. Principal deity: Hathor, creator goddess.
Dendera: temple, ptolemaic structure. no pylon gateway, just hypostyle hall and hathor-headed columns. |
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Nome 7: Nag’ hammadi- no monuments. find place of early christian documents.
-codesies- oldest form of a book/bound leaves.
-principal deity: Hathor. site of temple to hathor marked by pottery remains.
Nome 8: balyana: principal town. early royal center
principal deities: Anhur & Osirus. major god, but not like amun/horus.
-boundary from 7 questionable.
-important: Abydos- becomes major Osiris cult site. monuments of middle kingdom, 1&2 dynasties. 12 royal tombs, oldest temple to osirus here.
-capital: Tjeny. royal site, no temple remains, location unknown.
-known for cemetary and khenti amentiu- god of death, jackal headed. 3rd-6th dynasties, then changed name to osirus (well known funerary god?)
-temples to Seti I, Ramesses II |
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Nome 9: Min, Akhmin
Nome 10: Set, Djew-qa
Nome 11: set, sha-shtp, shtub
Nome 12: anty
Nome 13: wepewawet/asyut.
(nomes 9-13 underpopulated)
Nome 14: hathor, al qusiya |
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great creator god. represented by Ibis and Baboons.
ashmanayn. principal town in N. boundary. of Amunhotep IV, acknaten.
Tell al-amarna of king acknaten (elongated horsey face, thin upper, wide hips)
first site of this kind of art.
North temple: no reliefs, bare walls, but has tablets, documents of cuneiform.
post 1350- royal capital of egypt. old kingdom tombs cut into mountains.
important city: hermopolis- city of hermes, basilica converted into church.
Tounah al-gabal cemetary: of 4th-9th cen. egyptian style tombs, after ptolemies! when greeks started invading egypt. high priest buried there.
-images different- leaning, holding tools, draped tunics.
-tons of living ibis/baboons living there. |
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16: pakhet (feline deity). no great pharaonic remains.
Bani Hasan: 42 tombs. most important middle kingdom site, 11th-12th dynasties.
17: anubis (desert deity, dog form). no major town, only tombs. on both sides of nile.
east of nile. anty (another desert god- falcon) boat- symbol of power. teudjoi: area.
west of nile. seth. series of small towns. desert province. main town: per-medjed. many papyrus leftovers. oldest example from new testament. |
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Northern Egypt:
Nome 20: herishef, great royal deity, was royal capital in intermediate period.
21: fayyum: not pharaonic nome in past. marks beginning of political period. major center of greco roman wives, lovers of royals.
Nome 22: Hathor.
To be a major city in Egypt: located close to nile |
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Gods representing Nature as well as everything that effects you (disease, fertility, nature, agriculture.) if there’s a metaphysical force, there’s a god associated with it.
-shows differences in cultures: Egypt had no great sea or storm god, because there are no great seas or storms. adopted poseidon after interaction with Greeks.
-Desert storms: Seth: desert god.
-cultures = gods. compare differences, similarities. reflection of environment. |
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Gods = Powers. religion was the controlling power of the forces which affect your life.
-physical control: science, technology, medicine (ex. Nile now controlled by tech.)
-metaphysical control: religion, magic.
-what you couldn’t control physically, control somehow- metaphysically.
Controlling the gods metaphysically:
identification: ID ones you want to deal with (incantation, naming), whoever could have an impact on your life. (represent forces w/ figures/metaphors)
domestication- coax god into coming down to where we are, bring them into our realm of existence. (house of the god, cult images show gods that it’s for them)
service (or bribery)- coaxing. trying to get them to do what you want, and not want to do what you don’t want. (images of offerings on walls of sanctuary)
high priest puts in sanctuary, god enjoys essence of them, lower priest/janitor clears out and distributes among priests/people during deast. |
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the great gods (gods of the sun, desert, nile, sky, death, kingship, etc. varies slightly- order changes by person and place), the lesser gods (hundreds of minor forces, usually only relevant to your, your surroundings, needs).
your hierarchy is a reflection of your surroundings and way of life.
-each nome has distinctive hierarchy. |
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Localism: defining characteristic of Ancient Egypt. as long as in one temple, that god is greatest and true god. only true while in that temple/nome.
-most egyptians didn’t travel outside of nome, so no problem.
Throughout Egypt, find same natural forces, but name of power may change (horus = something far away in sky, birds of prey, sun. ra = sun.) |
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The Divine Image: skin completely cast in gold b/c it does not tarnish.
cult statue for sacred boat: very small. kept in granite shrine/deckhouse of boat, high priest brings in food/drink offerings.
-used to show gods that this is where they belong- placed in shrine.
-male/female gender parts emphasized for fertility/power.
normally depicted in animal form into pharaonic period proper
-in pharaonic period proper, ideal human body from neck down, animal from head up.
-narmer palette: first to show perfect idealized specimens.
dress: men mostly naked except for loin cloth.
-women wearing sheer “jumper”/dress. unacceptable to be exposed.
-must show musculature of statue.
power through physicality: status as perfect male specimen tells you he’s king
-one foot in front of other: power is active, exercised. bigger, taller.
-queen: power passive, she empowers king.
Each village household has small cult images of small cult deities: will answer to them and their smaller shrine. don’t have to impress as much. |
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The Divine Image: skin completely cast in gold b/c it does not tarnish.
cult statue for sacred boat: very small. kept in granite shrine/deckhouse of boat, high priest brings in food/drink offerings.
-used to show gods that this is where they belong- placed in shrine.
-male/female gender parts emphasized for fertility/power.
normally depicted in animal form into pharaonic period proper
-in pharaonic period proper, ideal human body from neck down, animal from head up.
-narmer palette: first to show perfect idealized specimens.
dress: men mostly naked except for loin cloth.
-women wearing sheer “jumper”/dress. unacceptable to be exposed.
-must show musculature of statue.
power through physicality: status as perfect male specimen tells you he’s king
-one foot in front of other: power is active, exercised. bigger, taller.
-queen: power passive, she empowers king.
Each village household has small cult images of small cult deities: will answer to them and their smaller shrine. don’t have to impress as much. |
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Divine: only king can be in divine ceremonies. King makes offerings, are “high priest” of every temple, but king can’t be everywhere, so “highest priest” steps in for him.
-only kings have power equivalent to greatest forces in nature, so stand in front of gods for us and perform “service of the gods” aka bribery.
-high priests acting as kings- give gods what we would want so they’ll do what we want them to, and not what we don’t want them to.
kings: identify all nome’s great gods in their temple, and donate to temples in heart of each nome.
-try to show unity amongst all. state religion is that each nome/deity is acknowledged as a great deity. |
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King’s image: dress: men mostly naked except for loin cloth.
-women wearing sheer “jumper”/dress. unacceptable to be exposed.
-must show musculature of statue.
power through physicality: status as perfect male specimen tells you he’s king
-one foot in front of other: power is active, exercised. bigger, taller.
-queen: power passive, she empowers king.
2 forms together make monarchy- king needs queen to remain king.
-hatshepsut- depicts self as man, is ritually man.
neck up: royal features from youth, semi realistic, & kept portrait throughout time.
-putting own face on previous statues- not desecration, just need people of town to know them. |
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| overthrowing a dynasty, and royal names |
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How to justify overthrowing a dynasty?
-they weren’t doing what gods wanted them to, aka floods/drought/etc. and not controlling gods = kings weren’t real gods, so overthrow.
Royal Names: Horus (emergence of power), 2 ladies (vulture of upper egypt, cobra of lower), Horus of Gold (Bee of lower, Sedge of upper), King of Upper & Lower Egypt, Son of Ra (son-duck/fowl, ra- sun/solar disk)
-each king had 5 royal names, emerge eventually in chronological time. |
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| what/who/how are kings and police? |
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Why are there kings?
-stand in front of gods?
-maintain order, protect Egypt from external/internal threats.
What is a king?
-king as son of greatest god, immense power, ruler of unified egypt, son of previous kin & god, select & servant & partner of Gods. god among gods.
What does a king look like?
-ideal male, physically. head may be official portrait, usually naked except for loin cloth, but not naked when a god of the dead (wears white shroud).
-3 main poses: standing with one leg forward, seated enthroned, kneeling making an offering to a god. if not ideal figure, not king.
What makes a king different from a God?
-look alike, kings serve/are chosen by/are sons of gods, weild their power.
-gods are immortal, kings die.
-but: kings are vastly more powerful than us, are more like gods than us, but are much like us (get sick, age, die)
How can a king become immortal?
-not god in life, so become one in afterlife. written on walls.
-powers are dangerous to king- not evil, just threats. as king goes to afterlife, and sun passing through nighttime, is faced with these powers.
-king reborn in afterlife as a great king. as sun is reborn, king is reborn. |
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| ancient egyptian temple : |
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innermost chapel, holding stone shrine to be occasional home of the cult statue of the god, and the stone block for the wooden boat model. here, king/priest presents offerings. highest point in temple.
surrounded by large hallway with series of rooms along inner halls for storage and rituals.
vestibule in front of chapel. large columns with palm/papyrus/lotus shaped capitals.
roof, leave openings to illuminate interior.
larger hall full of columns (hypostyle) mimicking forest of primordial reeds and plants.
roof on hypostyle hall
large courtyard in front of hypostyle hall. open to air, with columned arcades.
pylon entry gate in front of courtyard.
large enclosure wall surrounding temple and marking off sacred precinct, with sacred lake inside.
against inner wall, mud-brick houses for priests, and store houses for produce from lands.
processional way paved and lined with sphinxes leading from pylon to river. walkway is focus for annual festivals to carry sacred boat down. |
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