Term
| abyssal marine environment |
|
Definition
| Deeper than 4000 meters on the seafloor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a modification of an organism that better fits it for existence in its present environment or enables it to live in a somewhat different environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the diversity that develops among species as each adapts to a different set of environmental conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The kingdom of multicellular heterotrophic organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The domain that includes thermophylic (heat-dependent), halophylic (salt-dependent), methane-producing, and sulfur-producing bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The kingdom that includes the only methane-producing bacteria and bacteria cable of living under extreme conditions of temperature of salinity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ are named after an easily recognized, usually common member of the assemblage. If the fossil that lends its name to the ___ is absent, other members permit recognition of the zone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unicellular, prokaryotic microorganisms belonging to the Kingdom Monera. One of the three great domains of organisms. |
|
|
Term
| bathyal marine environment |
|
Definition
| The environment that extends from the edge of the shelf to a depth of about 4000 meters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the disturbance of sediment by burrowing, boring and sediment-ingesting organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a body of rock deposited during the time when particular fossil plants or animals existed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ are mainly the calcium carbonate coverings of coccolithophorids and foraminifera, as well as tiny planktonic snail shells called pteropods. |
|
|
Term
| carbonate compensation depth (CCD) |
|
Definition
| The water depth at which calcium carbonate is dissolved as fast as it falls from above is termed the ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the concentration of carbon during fossilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a replica of an organic subject, such as a fossil shell, formed when sediment fills a mold of that object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a thread-like microscopic body composed of chromatin. ___ appear in the nucleus of the cell at the time of cell division. they contain genes. the number of ___ is normally constant for a particular species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To construct a ___, organisms must be examined objectively for characteristics they share to determine their ancestor-descendant relationships. A ___ shows closeness of relationship by the arrangement of groups. The shorter the links between groups, the closer the evolutionary relationship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of related orders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ___ is recognized by the overlapping ranges of two or more species or genera. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During the initial chromosome division, while chromosomes are still paired, they may break at corresponding places and exchange their severed segments in a process called ___. |
|
|
Term
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
|
Definition
| The nucleic acid found chiefly in the nucleus of a cell that functions in the transfer of genetic characteristics and in protein synthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell having two sets of chromosomes that form pairs, as in somatic cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a major taxonomic division ranking higher than a kingdom. the three domains are the archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ studies relationships between organisms and their environments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any selected part of the physical environment, together with the animals and plants in it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms living on, as distinct from in, a particular body of sediment or another organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The kingdom of prokaryotes that live in water or soil or inside larger organisms like us. They include cynobacteria, formerly called blue-green algae. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single or multi-celled organisms that have a distinct cell nucleus and cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The only methane-producing bacteria and bacteria capable of living under extreme conditions of temperature or salinity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of related genera. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The kingdom of multicellular eukaryotes, many of which are decomposers (saprophytes) that absorb nutrients from dead organisms or live as parasites on plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| either of two cells (male or female) that must unite in sexual reproduction to initiate the development of a new individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the unit of heredity transmitted in the chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the genes present in a species population |
|
|
Term
| geologic range (E.g., of fossil species) |
|
Definition
| the geologic time span between the first and last appearance of an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the major subdivision of a taxonomic family or subfamily of plants or animals, usually consisting of more than one species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The term ___ is reserved fro the extreme depths found in oceanic trenches. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell having a single set of chromosomes, as in gametes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basically similar structures in superficially dissimilar organisms |
|
|
Term
| index fossil (=guide fossil) |
|
Definition
| ___ are abundant, are widely dispersed and lived during a relatively short interval of geologic time. Such fossils are helpful in identifying time-rock units and correlating them from area to area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms that live and feed within bottom sediments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large group of related phyla. There are six of these. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of the bethic realm (seafloor) that is the area between high and low tide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Since that time over a half billion years ago, when most of the principal phyla of animals had become estabished, the history of life has notbeen a steady continuum. it has been marked by times of relatively sudden worldwide extinctions so devastating that we call them ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| That kind of nuclear division, usually involving two successive cell division, that results in daughter cells having on-half the number of chromosomes that were in the original cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the method of cell division in which each of the two daughter nuclei receives exactly the same complement of chromosomes as had existed in the parent nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an impression, or imprint, of an organism or part of an organism in the enclosing sediment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stable and inheritable change in a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of the pelagic realm (ocean water) that extends seaward from the shelves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of related families. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to swimming organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of the pelagic realm (ocean water) that is above the continental shelf. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the relationship of ancient organisms to their environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The water mass lying above the seafloor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a manner of fossilization in which voids in an organic structure (such as bone) are filled with mineral matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of conversion of organic structures, such as bone, shell, or wood, into a stony substance, such as calcium carbonate or silica. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a trait that is the observable expression of an organism's genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gradual evolutionary change of one species population into another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In a ___, the most recently evolved species or groups are on the upper branches and older, ancestral species are on the lower branches and trunk. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ refers to the historical development of groups of organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of related classes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants and plantlike protistans (including bacteria and algae) that perform photosynthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The kingdom of multicellular eukaryotes that typically live on land and undergo embryonic development. They are autotrophs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of individuals of the same species that occupy a given area so that each individual has a chance to mate with members of the opposite sex within the group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single-celled micro-organisms that lack a distinct nucleus and cell membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The kingdom of protists, mostly single celled, animal-like organisms that devour food for energy (heterotrophs), plant-like photosynthesizers (autotrophs), and decomposers (saprophytes). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some argue that the fossil record for the past 3 billion years contains many examples of new groups that appear suddenly, and with no disruption in the geologic record. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ is the rock body representing the total |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fossilization process in which the original skeletal substance is replaced after burial by inorganically precipitated mineral matter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weathering and erosion can free fossils from their host rock, to become part of new sediment that becomes lithified into a younger bed. This is called ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ are composed mainly of tests (shells) of diatoms and tiny "protozoans" called radiolaria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The entire course of evolution depends on the origin of new species. This process is called ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a unit of taxonomic classification of organisms. in another sense, a species is a population of individuals that are similar in structural and functional characteristics and that in nature breed only with one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the marine bottom environment that extends from low tide seaward to the edge of the continental shelf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of the bethic realm (seafloor) that begins with the narrow zone above high tide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tracks, trails, burrows and other marking made in now-lithified sediments by ancient animals |
|
|
Term
| vestigial organ or structure |
|
Definition
| an organ that is useless, small, or degenerate but representing a structure that was more fully developed or functional in an ancestral organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals that include foraminifera, inby mollusks, small crustaceans, and the mobile larvae of many invertebrate families that live on the seafloor (benthic) as adults. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ cannot generate their own food and so must consume other animals or plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They generate their own food through photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals, because of their molecular similarities. |
|
|
