Term
|
Definition
___ are the remains or traces of
ancient life which have been preserved by natural causes in the Earth's crust. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fossils include both the ___ of organisms (such as bones or shells), and the ___ of organisms (such as tracks, trails, and burrows) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tracks, trails, and burrows are called |
|
|
Term
• Have preservable parts. Bones, shells, teeth, wood are more readily preserved than soft parts.
• Be buried by sediment to protect the organism from scavengers and decay.
• Escape physical, chemical, and biological destruction after burial (bioturbation, dissolution, metamorphism, or erosion). |
|
Definition
| To become preserved as a fossil, an organism must: |
|
|
Term
• Rapid burial with sediment to prevent destruction of the dead organism by scavenging or bacterial decay.
• Presence of hard parts like bones, teeth, or shell. |
|
Definition
| These characteristics are favorable for fossil preservation: _________ |
|
|
Term
1. Preservation of Unaltered Hard Parts
2. Preservation of Unaltered Soft Parts
3. Chemical Alteration of Hard Parts
4. Imprints (mold & cast) of Hard Parts in Sediment
5. Trace fossils or Ichnofossils |
|
Definition
| What are the types of fossil preservation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| filling of tiny pores with minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecule-by-molecule substitution of one mineral for another (e.g. silica or pyrite replacing calcite) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aragonite alters to calcite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soft tissues preserved as a thin carbon film (ferns in shale) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Freezing (wooly mammoths)
• Desiccation (drying or mummification)
• Preservation in amber
• Preservation in tar (LaBrea tar pits)
• Preservation in peat bogs (Lindow man – England; Tollund man – Denmark) |
|
Definition
| What are the methods of preservation for unaltered soft parts? |
|
|
Term
| Trace fossils or Ichnofossils |
|
Definition
| Markings in the sediment made by the activities of organisms |
|
|
Term
• Tracks
• Trails
• Burrows – in soft
sediment
• Borings – in hard material
• Root marks |
|
Definition
| What are ways that trace fossils can be made? |
|
|
Term
| biological classification |
|
Definition
| A system of binomial nomenclature (i.e., two names) is used to name organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first of the two names is the ___ and the second name is the ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genus and species names are ___ or ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ is capitalized, but ___ is not. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A ___ is a group of organisms that have structural, functional, and developmental similarities and are able to interbreed naturally and
produce fertile offspring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The ___ is the fundamental unit of
biological classification. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms are grouped based on their ___ into taxonomic groups or taxa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Organisms are grouped based on their
similarities into ___ or ___. |
|
|
Term
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (plural = phyla)
Class
Order
Family
Genus (plural = genera)
Species (singular and plural) |
|
Definition
| What are the different taxas? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There are ___ kingdoms of organisms, grouped into ___ domains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
___ refers to changes in
populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In biology, ___ is the "great unifying
theory" for understanding the history of
life. |
|
|
Term
| Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace |
|
Definition
| ___ and ___ were the first scientists to assemble a large body of convincing observational evidence in support of evolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace proposed a mechanism for evolution which Darwin called ___. |
|
|
Term
| a large body of convincing observational evidence in support of evolution. |
|
Definition
Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace
were the first scientists to assemble ___. |
|
|
Term
1. More offspring are produced than can survive to maturity.
2. Variations exist among the offspring.
3. Offspring must compete with one another for food, habitat, and mates.
4. Offspring with the most favorable characteristics are more likely to survive to reproduce.
5. Beneficial traits are passed on to the next generation. |
|
Definition
| Natural selection is based on what observations? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Darwin's book, "___" was published in 1859 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Darwin's book, "On the Origin of Species", was published in ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Darwin's theory was unable to explain ___
offspring exhibited variability |
|
|
Term
| offspring exhibited variability |
|
Definition
Darwin's theory was unable to explain WHY
___. |
|
|
Term
| scientists determined that genetics is the cause of these variations. |
|
Definition
| Why offspring exhibited variability was to come many years after Darwin's theory, when ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Within the nucleus of each of our cells are ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Human have how many chromosomes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes consist of long ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ are the parts of the DNA molecule that transmit hereditary traits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The DNA molecule consists of ___, which resemble a twisted ladder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The DNA molecule consists of two parallel strands, which resemble ___. |
|
|
Term
| phosphate and sugar compounds |
|
Definition
| The twisted strands are ___ and ___, linked with nitrogenous bases (adenine, thimine, guanine, and cytosine). |
|
|
Term
| nitrogenous bases (adenine, thimine, guanine, and cytosine) |
|
Definition
| The twisted strands are phosphate and sugar compounds, linked with ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
___ are chemical changes to the DNA
molecule. |
|
|
Term
– Chemicals (including certain drugs),
– Radiation (including cosmic radiation, ultraviolet light, and gamma rays).
– Mutations may also occur spontaneously without a specific causative agent. |
|
Definition
| What are mutations caused by? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutations may occur in any cell, but mutations in ___ will be passed on to succeeding generations. |
|
|
Term
• Mutations
• Gene recombination as a result of sexual reproduction
• Natural selection |
|
Definition
| Evolution may involve change from what three different sources? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutations may occur in any cell, but mutations in ___ will be passed on to succeeding generations |
|
|
Term
• Mutations
• Gene recombination as a result of sexual reproduction
• Natural selection |
|
Definition
| Evolution may involve changes from what sources? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The process through which new
species arise |
|
|
Term
| genetic differences may accumulate to the point that the different populations are no longer able to interbreed |
|
Definition
| In the limited gene pools of an isolated population, over many generations _______. |
|
|
Term
| considered different species |
|
Definition
| When genetic differences accumulate within a species to the point that the different populations are no longer able to interbreed, they are ____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The branching of a population to produce descendants adapted to particular environments and living strategies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gradual progressive change by means of many small steps (it is an old idea) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden changes interrupting long periods of little change (stasis). Most of the change occurs over a short period of time. |
|
|
Term
1. Horses
2. Cephalopods and other molluscs
3. Foraminifera and other microfossils |
|
Definition
| There are many examples of gradual or sequential evolution in the fossil record, including: ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body parts with similar origin history origin, and structure, but different functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ suggest a common ancestry. ___ serve no apparent purpose, but resemble functioning organs in other animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ is based on the appearance and disappearance of fossil species in the stratigraphic record. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Geologic Time Scale is based on the appearance and disappearance of ___ in the stratigraphic record. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Geologic Time Scale is based on the appearance and disappearance of fossil species in the ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fossils can also be used to correlate ___ from place to place |
|
|
Term
• Changing environmental conditions that cause organisms to migrate into or out of an area.
• Reworked fossils |
|
Definition
| Apart from evolution & extinction, appearances and disappearances of fossils may indicate: ___ |
|
|
Term
| index fossils (or guide fossils) |
|
Definition
| ___ are useful in identifying time-rock units and in correlation. |
|
|
Term
1. Abundant
2. Widely distributed (cosmopolitan)
3. Short geologic range (rapid evolution) |
|
Definition
| What are the characteristics of an index fossil? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A body of rock deposited during the time when a particular fossil organism existed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ___ is identified only on the basis of the fossils it contains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ are the basic unit for biostratigraphic classification and correlation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biozones are the basic unit for ___ classification and correlation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pelagic realm and benthic realm |
|
Definition
| The ocean may be divided into which two realms? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The water mass lying above the ocean floor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small plants and animals that float, drift, or swim weakly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plants and plant-like plankton, such as diatoms and coccolithophores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Animals and animallike plankton, such as foraminifera and radiolaria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Swimming animals that live within the
water column |
|
|
Term
| benthos (benthic organisms) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| migration and dispersal patterns |
|
Definition
| ___ of land animals can indicate the existence of land bridge/barrier. |
|
|
Term
– ~3.5 billion years old
– Remains of simple prokaryotic cells (bluegreen algae or cyanobacteria).
– Found in algal mats and stromatolites. |
|
Definition
| What are three characteristics of the oldest fossil? |
|
|
Term
• Ordovician
• Devonian - roughly 70% of marine invertebrates extinct
• Permian - the greatest extinction. More than 90% of marine species disappeared or nearly went extinct
• Triassic
• Cretaceous - affected dinosaurs, other land animals, and marine organisms; about 25% of all known animal families extinct |
|
Definition
| Mass extinctions occurred at the ends of the following periods: ____________ |
|
|
