Term
| what are 9 risk factors for glaucoma |
|
Definition
>40 yo
family history
history of occular trauma
african american - open angle
asian - closed angle
systemic corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| what is the cycle of aquous humor |
|
Definition
made in ciliary body
flows through pupil
to anterior chamber
drains into trabecular meshwork into veins |
|
|
Term
| what is the main distinguishing factor of open angle glaucoma |
|
Definition
| slowly progressive bilateral visual loss |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of closed angle glaucome |
|
Definition
| trabecular mesh is occluded bilaterally |
|
|
Term
| what is the MOST important thing to remember about closed angle glaucoma |
|
Definition
| acute angle closer is an OCULAR EMERGENCY and can cause permanent blindness if not treated |
|
|
Term
| what are some signs specific to closed angle glaucoma (10) |
|
Definition
ocular pain
red eye
halo around light
corneal edema
shallow anterior chamber
fixed dilated pupil
increased IOP
headache
nausea
vomiting |
|
|
Term
| at what point is IOP referrable for glaucoma, what is the main concern with IOP |
|
Definition
>20
big increase can occlude vessels |
|
|
Term
| what are some signs of any type of glaucome (2) |
|
Definition
glaucomatous cupping
visual field defect correlating with cupping |
|
|
Term
| what are some signs of glaucomatous cupping (6) |
|
Definition
cup to disc ratio >0.4
central pallor/large disc
vessel displacement peripherial and nasal
notching of disc rim
disc asymmetry >0.2% difference
splinter hemorrhage at disc margin |
|
|
Term
| what is the most important part of a glaucoma exam, when do you refer |
|
Definition
check IOP with tonometer(palpation isnt reliable)
refer to opthalmologist for any change in cup to disc ratio, disc assymetry, increased IOP, family history and older than 40 |
|
|
Term
| what are 11 risks for cataracts |
|
Definition
65-75, 70+ 70%
diabetes
hypertension
poor nutrition
trauma
smoking
infection
inflammation
medications - steroids
ionizing radiation
UV radiation |
|
|
Term
| what is the normal function of the lens, explain it |
|
Definition
| accomodation: focus images on retina by contracting ciliary muscle to change lens shape |
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 zones of the lens |
|
Definition
transpernt capsule
subcapsular
cortex
nucleus
anterior
posterior |
|
|
Term
| what are the two worst places for a cataract to occur |
|
Definition
axial (rather than peripherial)
posterior (rather than anterior) |
|
|
Term
| what vessel and nerve supplies the lens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 7 signs of cataracts |
|
Definition
reduced or blurry vision
glare
halo
light starbursts - worse at night
altered color vision
monocular diplopia
increased nearsightedness |
|
|
Term
| what is monocular diplopia |
|
Definition
| multiple images from one eye |
|
|
Term
| what are the three main signs on a cataract exam |
|
Definition
visual acuity decrease
pupil response normal
opthalamascope exam shows unclear view of fundus |
|
|
Term
| how are cataracts managed |
|
Definition
| refer when vision begins to affect daily life |
|
|
Term
| what is the qualification for irreversible vision loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the leading cause for irreversible vision loss in people >52yo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the macula look like, what is it composed of, what is its function |
|
Definition
oval that is 2x optic disc, avascular, dark
made of rods and cones
foeva central part only has cones (causing light reflex)
function is detialed central vision |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 risks for macular degeneration |
|
Definition
sunlight
family history
smoking
nutrition |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 symptoms in all types of macular degeneration |
|
Definition
scotoma
drusen
amsler grid distortion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hayline nodule on bruch's membrane between choroidal vessels and retinal pigment epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of drusen, what do they look like |
|
Definition
hard: small yellow lesion
soft: irregular shape and edges |
|
|
Term
| what does an amsler grid look like to someone with macular degeneration |
|
Definition
| monocular testing shows distorted lines (metamirphopsia) and missing areas |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 signs specific to dry macular degeneration |
|
Definition
progressive central vision loss
pigment changes |
|
|
Term
| how does dry macular degeneration cause pigment changes |
|
Definition
| degeneration causes hypertrophic pigments or lack of pigment |
|
|
Term
| what are 5 signs specific to wet macular degeneration |
|
Definition
acute vision loss
serous or hemorrhagic detachment of retinal pigment epithelium
changes in size and proximity of foeva
subretinal neovascular membrane
dulorescein angiogram slow leakly vessels |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 signs you should refer for macular degeneration |
|
Definition
amsler grid test positive
acute vision loss
serous or hemorrhagic detachemtnt of retinal pigment epithelium
changes in size of proximity of foeva |
|
|
Term
| what is most related to prognosis of macular degeneration |
|
Definition
| changes in size and proximity of foeva |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for macular degeneration |
|
Definition
|
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