Term
|
Definition
| Changes in the genetic composition of a population over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of individuals belonging to one species, living in a particular area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A subpopulation of individuals who are freely inbreeding, often very homogeneous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-genetic variation of direct responses to the environment in space or time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-genetic variation of unknown cause. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-genetic variation induced in the offspring by the mother |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-genetic variation caused by certain genes being expressed in a parent-of-origin specific manner. |
|
|
Term
| Fine grained temporal variation |
|
Definition
| Variation that is shorter than the expected lifespan, such as wings changing from season to season. |
|
|
Term
| Coarse grained temporal variation |
|
Definition
| Variation that is longer than the expected lifespan. Individual experiences only one environmental variant in its range or lifespan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Environmental variation quantified is known as _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bristlecone pine on two opposite growing sites will show ______ |
|
|
Term
| Only females at extremes, only males 23-24C, and both in between. |
|
Definition
| Snapping turtle environmental sex determination. |
|
|
Term
| Mendelian genetic variation |
|
Definition
| Individual loci of large effect |
|
|
Term
| Polygenes (genetic variation) |
|
Definition
Multiple loci each of small effect,
which together act quantitatively to express the
phenotype of organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The non-additive component of genetic variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The study of how the genetic composition of populations
changes over time, that is, how genetic information is
transmitted from populations of parents to populations of
offspring. It builds on a Mendelian foundation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Population genetics quantifies ______, while
Mendelian genetics documents _______. |
|
|
Term
| 2^n (n being number of non-homologous chromosomes) |
|
Definition
| Different number of gamete types is: X^y |
|
|
Term
| Number of alleles per locus ; # of non-homologous chromosomes |
|
Definition
| In the "r" equation, r = _____ and "n" = ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many loci, multiple alleles per locus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The main violation of hardy weinberg equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sub-divided populations with low, but consistent gene flow |
|
Definition
| Sewall Wright's "Ideal" Population |
|
|
Term
| Genetic drift, founder effect, bottleneck |
|
Definition
| 3 things affecting population size |
|
|
Term
| Genetic drift, founder effect, bottleneck |
|
Definition
| 3 things affecting population size |
|
|
Term
| Genetic drift, founder effect, bottleneck |
|
Definition
| 3 things affecting population size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only source of brand new variation in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A single amino acid substitution in a protein (Valine GUA --> Glutamate GAA) ,
from one (out of 438) nucleotide substitutions in
the gene, causes ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An environmental effect on the mutation rate of yeast, as ______ increases, the amount of leucine recombination also increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In humans, inhalation of _______ caused an increased environmental effect of cancer causing mutation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| So point mutation has little effect on gene frequency except in ______ microorganisms. (short generation time) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ ______ are most notable for the origin of genetic novelties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The exchange of genes between populations via the
movement of reproducing individuals
into or out of a population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Example of gene flow/migration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ is a disease where the recessive allele can not metabolize brain lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sephardic jews will develop _____ levels of tay sachs compared to the ashkenazi under high levels of gene flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gene flow, if unopposed by other factors, _______
the populations of a species – no matter what model. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the ____ _____ model, populations gene's converge toward average allele frequencies and they can change rapidly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ________ model of gene flow looks at populations within a species |
|
|
Term
F st equation
q= mean frequency of one of the alleles
v = variance among pop's in its frequency |
|
Definition
Equation used in figuring out among-population variance (Sewall Wright)
q= ?
v= ? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ values of the F st equation indicated little variation, complete gene flow, young population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ values of the F st equation indicated fixed alleles, no gene flow, and strong natural selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
As average distance of gene dispersal
increases, neighborhood size increases, and genetic variation among populations declines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The value of F st depends highly on _______ |
|
|
Term
| Alleles must be selectively neutral |
|
Definition
| Underlying assumption of sewall wrights F st equation: |
|
|
Term
| Sewall's Ideal Population structure |
|
Definition
| A subdivided population with low and consistent gene flow is known as _____ |
|
|
Term
| Charactaristics of Sewall Wright's Ideal Population Structure |
|
Definition
| Mutants can arise anywhere and get to other populations, local adaptation still possible for higher fitness, and compromise "jack of all trades" genes not necessary |
|
|
Term
| Random Mating, No Input from New Genetic Material, Infinite Population Size, and Equal Reproductive Success of Genotypes |
|
Definition
| Assumptions of hardy weinberg equation (4) |
|
|
Term
1) Genotype's must have identical fitness
2) Mutation rates negligible
3) Migration rates negligible |
|
Definition
| Assumptions of using sampling error as a force to explain natural populations (3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All populations are subject to random genetic
drift – but the _____ the population, the
greater the effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_______ is the null hypothesis for
evolutionary change, and non-adaptive evolution is the result. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genetic Drift and Coalescence: One allele will be lost by chance no matter what eventually
That likelihood is the same as
the allele’s _______ in
the the starting population starting population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Estimated rates of allele fixation/loss in
number of generations, when both alleles start out
at equal frequencies, i.e.
p = q = 0.50:
_______ per per generation per locus generation per locus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genetic Drift and Heterozygousity
H = 2p(1 – p) -- that is, heterozygosity ____ as one of the allele frequencies shifts closer to 1 (and the other moves toward 0). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
______ lowers expected population size by increasing variation in progeny
number (i.e., some couples produce more offspring than others). |
|
|
Term
1) unequal reproduction rates
2) natural selection
3) inbreedig
4) fluctuations in pop size |
|
Definition
| Fluctuations in effective population caused by: (4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Catastrophes cause enormous reductions in pop. size.
• The longer it remains at small size, the more profound
the genetic consequences.
• Sampling error will change allele frequencies wildly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ groups show progressively more divergence in blood group type due to drift & inbreeding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In a bottleneck, ____ from a one or two carriers get established in many direct descendants of those carriers in very small populations and end up getting over-represented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fixation Fixation of unusual gene combinations is a critical part of the ________ model. |
|
|
Term
| Heterozygousity ; mutation |
|
Definition
| Under the founder affect ______ does not go down much because of _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The _______ is effective at giving a rare allele a numerical advantage, by chance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Allele frequencies change, but unpredictably, both in
direction and magnitude. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Populations tend to lose genetic diversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small populations lose genetic diversity more rapidly
than large populations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Populations that start out identical to one another will
tend to become different, even in the absence of
migration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Population bottlenecks may cause populations to lack
diversity, even if they are currently large. |
|
|
Term
| Unequal reproductive success, aka Natural Selection |
|
Definition
This occurs when reproductive success – i.e.,
contribution to the next generation – differs
between (among) genotypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_____ is a random process, even if ______ do occur
at predictable rates; and typically slow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_____ is just movement of individuals (or gametes),
without regard for suitability of the new alleles to the new
place. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_______ (sampling error) is statistically demonstrable
and inevitable, but unpredictable, and its effects are
neutral overall. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
______ is the only evolutionary force that
specifically adapts populations to their immediate
environments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
His chance of a lifetime came in 1831:
the 5-year voyage of the H. M. S.
Beagle, where he was appointed
(through his connections) as
naturalist-on-board. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| He formulated the idea of natural selection independently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Darwin found fossils of strange vertebrates here |
|
|
Term
| Galápagos & New Zealand (giant tortosis, marine iguanas, and darwins finches) |
|
Definition
| Darwin learned about island evolution here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Darwin's influental reading Uniformitarianism written by |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Darwins influental reading “On the Principles of Population.” written by |
|
|
Term
| Darwins Descent with Modification |
|
Definition
Offspring resemble their parents, but are not identical to them.
Similarly, descendant species resemble the species from which they are derived, but they are
not identical to their ancestors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The mechanism for evolutionary change |
|
|
Term
| Descent with modification and natural selection |
|
Definition
| Darwins two paths of thought |
|
|
Term
| Natural selection reasoning |
|
Definition
| Organisms produce far more offspring each generation than can possibly survive, given limited resources (from Malthus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ reduces species variation over time |
|
|
Term
| Natural selection (formal definition) Futyma |
|
Definition
| “Any consistent difference in fitness among phenotypically different classes of biological entities.” |
|
|
Term
| Fitness/Reproductive Success |
|
Definition
| a biological entity’s average per capita rate of numerical increase in a population |
|
|
Term
1. probability of surviving to the various reproductive ages
2. average # of offspring produced via female function, and
3. average # of offspring produced via male function. |
|
Definition
| Components of fitness (3) |
|
|
Term
| user friendly definition of natural selection |
|
Definition
| “The non-random (differential) reproduction of heritable phenotypes or of genotypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Natural selection can act on genes, individuals, populations, or species – but strongest on the ______, as the embodiment of the phenotype. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Natural selection is a ______ phenomenon: having a “fit” genotype is no guarantee of individual success, and a crappy genotype doesn’t necessarily fail. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Under selection, allele frequencies change _____ at different loci – unlike genetic drift or
gene flow. |
|
|
Term
| s = selection coefficient, w= relative fitness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ can change gene frequencies very rapidly (measured as ∆p or ∆q), even when selection coefficients are low (small). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adaptation to the environment will occur much faster if the
allele in question is at ______ frequencies than if is rare. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the allele is rare, it can’t readily invade the population -- ∆p is very small. ______ is necessary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Natural selection points to the critical importance of genetic variability, as measured by ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of heritability that acknowledges the disproportionate
importance of additive genetic variation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| With high h2, there is a _____ response to selection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The larger the S, the _____ the response to selection.
R=h^2S (response to selection) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also known as “classical,” “Darwinian,” and “neoDarwinian” selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of selection that with multiple loci, can show up as anagenesis, or phyletic gradualism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anopheles mosquitos and insecticide resistance is an example of _______ selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Norway rats in wales and warafarin is an example of ______ selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Example of directional selection at one locus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the peppered moth, the melanic form was dominant in sooty conditions. Recently, selection has been quite strong _____ the melanic form: calculated as s = 0.05 – 0.20 at various localities. |
|
|
Term
| Brain size (as % body mass) in humans. It has been increasing over time |
|
Definition
| Example of directional selection at many loci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_____ in allele frequency: stepped (m = 0), steep, or gradual (m = 1.0). Width of cline actually represents a balance
between gene flow and selection. |
|
|
Term
| ap94 (non-adaptive gene flow due to larval dispersal in the sea) (more ap94 as you get further out into the ocean) |
|
Definition
| In mussels, we see an increased intracellular amino acids due to ____ maintaining osmotic balance in salt water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Survival of the ordinary, or selection against phenodeviants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Selection where eliminatino of phenodeviants reduces genetic variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| selection in favor of feedback mechanisms that produce the standard phenotype maintains variation: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ selection reduces genetic variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ selection maintains genetic variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (canalizing/normalizing) selection produces a narrower phenotype and is attained through modifier genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ultimate cause of ______ selection often due to opposing agents of selection. |
|
|
Term
| normalizing; directional; stabilizing |
|
Definition
English sparrows are an example of _____ selection.
Larger males survived better (______) selection), but average-sized females survived better (________ selection). |
|
|
Term
| normalizing (stabilizing) |
|
Definition
| Human birthweights are an example of ______ selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In human birthweight, the tails of the parobola are elongating due to _____ selection against the extremes |
|
|
Term
| Stabilizing selection due to opposing agents |
|
Definition
| birds and wasps eating different size galls is an example of _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cryptic genetic variation showed up when
Hsp90 gene is knocked out. Hsp90 (a ______
gene) canalizes polygenic characters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Directional & stabilizing selection ______
genetic variation (VA) & heritability (h2)… |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Selection that maintains p y p polymorphisms typically involves ______ selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A stable equilibrium at which the allele frequencies depend on the balance between fitness values of the 2 homozygotes is known as the _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sickle cell anemia is an example of the _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Opposing selective factors in sickle cell anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Selection that favors more than one genotype simultaneously simultaneously (or nearly so), and the intermediate forms are
discriminated against. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_____ selection is a combination of two phases:
1. establishment of a second co-optimal genotype, with
directional selection favoring it, and…
2. persistence of two “adaptive peaks” maintained by
stabilizing selection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sexual dimorphism, e.g., testosterone levels need to be low
or high; intermediate levels are disastrous (w = 0) is a popular example of _____ selection |
|
|
Term
| genetic polymorphisms. (garter snakes too, but unknown cause) |
|
Definition
| Human ______ are developed due to past geographic isolation and reduced gene flow |
|
|
Term
| multiple niche polymorphisms |
|
Definition
| Frequency-dependent selection and environmental heterogeneity are the key ingredients that prevent the loss of alleles and create _____ |
|
|
Term
| Negative frequency-dependent |
|
Definition
| _______ selection is necessary for stable multiple niche polymorphism |
|
|
Term
| negative frequency-dependent selection |
|
Definition
| Once the genotype increases in numbers past the ability of the niche to support it, it experiences negative selection pressure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
M.N.P. favored by ______
environmental variability – i.e., the individual experiences only one one environmental state in its lifetime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ variation favors M.N.P. more than temporal: the latter is best dealt with by phenotypic plasticity & switch mechanisms. |
|
|
Term
| everything must be maintained, spaced out, and independent |
|
Definition
| Criteria for stable multiple niche polymorphisms: general idea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In Cepaea nemoralis (shells), darker shells are favored at colder sites, and this is a _____ adaptation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the outcome of natural selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An ______ is a derived character that evolved in response to a specific selective agent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An initial adaptation that has been co-opted to serve a new
function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A search for associations between traits and ecological variables, as ways of testing hypotheses of adaptation is known as a ______ method for recognizing adaptation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| We use ______ methods because it’s impossible (usually) to experimentally re-create the conditions of the past. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complex adaptations, once lost, cannot be regained in the same form is known as _____ Law (e.g. insect wing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Because of phylogenetic constraints, the evolution of novelty largely involves _____ of existing structures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Birds evolved from ______ via innovation |
|
|
Term
| key innovations and adaptive radiation |
|
Definition
| Feathers in archosaurus, mammary glands in mammals, and complete metamorphosis in insects are all examples of _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There must be many ways to achieve high individual fitness. Life history traits ______ under selection, to achieve the highest fitness possible under the conflicting circumstances of existence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Life history:
Great size and/or great age
(_____), vs. brief lifespans
(______). |
|
|
Term
| size, reproduction, aging, and sex ratio |
|
Definition
| 4 components focusing around life history evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ traits are those that affect the growth rates of populations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Life history traits: R=LM
R = ______ = number of descendants
of an averag g ge female after one generation. |
|
|
Term
probability of a female’s survival to reproductive
age. |
|
Definition
Life history traits: R=LM
L = _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Life history traits: R=LM
M = average number of offspring per survivor
(____). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| life history traits are ____ |
|
|
Term
| probability of survival ; fecundity |
|
Definition
Just like R, r depends on the _____
and ____ at each age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Trade-offs are inherent when you must divide up finite
resources – a process known as the ______
among…
• maintenance
• current reproduction
• growth and storage (future reproduction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| life history traits are connected by _____ |
|
|
Term
| otimality; frequency dependence |
|
Definition
_____ = a world at equilibrium.
________ = a changing world; your best
strategy depends on what others do. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Population structure – the details of
reproduction of its constituent members and how those
contribute to population growth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. At what age should I start to
reproduce?
2. At what size should I start to
a “mast” year for red oaks
reproduce?
3. How many offspring should I
produce at a time?
4. How often should I reproduce
during my lifetime?
5. How long should I live?
Are all questions that can be answered by understanding ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Delayed onset of reproduction is most likely to evolve in
species with _____ rates of adult survival |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ____ the annual mortality rate of adults, the later reproduction is selected to begin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Age at first reproduction is also _____ correlated with mortality rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_____ in a hypothetical population as a
function of life span and age at first reproduction |
|
|
Term
| it takes time to grow large |
|
Definition
Small organisms are not small because it improves fecundity
or lowers mortality. They are small because ____ and with heavy mortality, the investment in growth will not be paid back in increased fecundity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ are large because of their harem-mating style, and being small would probably get it killed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A parabola peaking starting at 15 and peaking at 30 does NOT mean that the optimal age of
reproduction is 30. Rather, it is somewhere
between 15 & 30 – a compromise between
early reproduction and the experience of age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in ______, if too little food is selecting against larger males, then smaller will become optimal |
|
|
Term
| oysters and other bivalves |
|
Definition
_______ : millions of
eggs/zygotes; only a few will find a favorable place to settle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_____ offspring are favored by selection under more
stable, predictable environmental conditions |
|
|
Term
| tsetse flies of Africa (Glossina spp.) |
|
Definition
insects can exhibit this strategy of few but large offspring with parental care, an example being
the ____, which are livebearers of one offspring at a time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Colonizing species, in old-field habitats, tend to produce
____ seeds than species that grow in more stable prairies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the stable habitats (( ) prairie),
competition is more intense,
favoring ____ offspring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the probability that any offspring will survive decreases with
_____ clutch size |
|
|
Term
an additional trade-off, between a mother’s clutch size in the
first year and her clutch size in future years.
In addition, females reared in nests with smaller clutches had higher
reproductive success ( |
|
Definition
| Lacks hypothesis of average clutch size being best (8.53) was proved wrong with 12 being the best size, because _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when an offspring reproduces only once in its lifetime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when an offspring produces more than once in its lifetime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the organism will be selected to invest less in the first bout in anticipation of future reproduction – the ____ strategy. |
|
|
Term
(i) harshness of the environment,
(ii) mating opportunity, and (iii) life span. |
|
Definition
the number of cycles of reproduction
is based on simultaneous interactions
(including trade-offs) among such factors
as |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
As _____ individuals age,
the intrinsic disadvantages of
reproducing late in life cut in. |
|
|
Term
| "Big Bang" Semelparous reproduction |
|
Definition
| This is a special form of semelparity, in which a single lifetime episode of reproduction characterizes a species with a long lifespan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ are an example of the "big bang" semelparous reproduction strategy |
|
|
Term
Tremendous effort entailed in the swim upstream. It is to the
individual’s advantage to do this just once. |
|
Definition
| Atlantic salmon's reasoning for "big bang" reproduction strategy |
|
|
Term
| "big bang" semelparous reproduction. endocrine glands genetically program it for death |
|
Definition
Female octopus lay up to 200,000 eggs, defending them and wafting oxygenated water over them. When the eggs hatch,
mother dies. This is an example of: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
These are the most commonplant examples of "big bang" semelparity.
Here, it seems to be the interaction of inherently short life span with harsh winter conditions. |
|
|
Term
| harsh conditions, opportunities for germination are rare: their shallow root systems favor delaying reproduction until conditions are just right. YUCCAS: very similar, but deep roots |
|
Definition
| Agaves (Century plants) – Grow to “100” years, produce a huge reproductive spire, and die. Why? |
|
|
Term
| physiological decline; Senescense |
|
Definition
Most (sexually reproducing) organisms do not exhibit the
“programmed death, but they DO experience a gradual increase in mortality and decline in fecundity with age: a kind of “______.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ cannot be eliminated by natural selection, because the strength of selection declines on deleterious genes expressed at progressively greater age |
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Definition
| Senescence begins at _____. It evolves under natural selection just like any other trait. |
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Definition
There is negative and positive ______ of
alleles controlling specific life-history traits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Life history traits have ____ heritabilities than other kinds of traits |
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Definition
______ can resolve a life-history conflict:
The larva of the geometrid moth Nemoria arizonaria |
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Definition
evolutionary history (phylogeny) can be a major
____ on life history evolution, preventing the organism from trying out certain solutions to life history conflicts. |
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Term
| the young can feed themselves |
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Definition
| ducks have large clutch sized because: |
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Term
long-term evolution of the clade of petrels
under conditions of sparse and unpredictable food supply |
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Definition
| the single egg of petrels could be explained by: |
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