Term
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Definition
| _____ said an organism can propagate its genes by raising it's own offspring as well as close relatives, with the genetic advantage depending on the level of relatedness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cooperative behavior in vertebrates is die to the theory of _____, saying individuals may raise relatives to increase their inclusive fitness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mammal engaging in cooperative polyandry, with more than one male mated to the same female, as males compete for female to eject sperm of lesser male. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mammal in which nearly all offspring stay with parent to help raise subsequent broods, utilize helpers, very territorial as well. |
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Term
| Shortage of breeding grounds |
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Definition
| The main ecological constraint for the Florida Scrub Jay is: |
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Term
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Definition
| Brown studied these to test species success on helpers vs. territorial quality, concluding helpers raised nearly 3x as many offspring than without helpers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Polygayndrous cooperative mating, females lay eggs in a communal setting and every cares for the young. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Acorn Woodpeckers practice _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| If _____ breeding males were taken away, the new breeders coming in were often outsiders, not helpers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ______ were colonial as well as cooperative breeders, as they nest in colonies along river banks. |
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Term
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Definition
| The _____ cooperative mating system was unusual because adults may switch roles within one breeding season. i.e If a group lost a nest to predators, they would go help others raise young rather than do nothing. |
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Term
| Uncertainty of weather and food supply. |
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Definition
| Ecological constraint of the White-fronted Bee-eaters: |
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Term
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Definition
| Group characterized by having a single temporal opening in the skull. |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ originated in the Paleozoic era and gave rise to mammals, although the first of these were seen in the late Carboniferous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most diverse group of Synapsis. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the mid-Permian, the _____ replaced the Pelycosaurs, they had a more upright posture and probably led more active lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most derived and mammal-like of the Theraspids, appearing in the late-Permian and underwent radiation during the Jurassic. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first mammalian fossils were found in the _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| There was an evolutionary trend in cyodonts towards a _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| The first mammals came from ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| The best known early mammal is the ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| The Morconucodon had a _______, which is evidence of endothermy and which allows mammals to chew and breathe simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| The _____ of mammals allows them to chew and not choke at the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest and most diverse Mesozoic mammals |
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Term
| Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placentals |
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Definition
| 3 major lineages of modern mammals established by the late-Cretaceous |
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Term
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Definition
| Major lineage of modern mammals that were egg laying, two groups (duck billed platypus and echidnas) |
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Term
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Definition
| Major lineage of modern mammals that were pouched (opossums, kangaroos) |
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Term
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Definition
| Major lineage of modern mammals that included all other mammals besides pouched and egg laying mammals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The _____ era was the birth of modern mammals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marsupials and placentals have teats for lactation, however in Monotremes mile is exuded on ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| Clade consisting of marsupials and placentals. |
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Term
| Lactation, Integument (skin w/ hair), and Reproduction |
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Definition
| 3 distinct mammalian characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| Monotremes have a _____ egg development, with nutriton coming from the placenta rather than yolk reserves. |
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Term
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Definition
The ______ are the most basally-derived group of modern mammals. They are also known as
prototherians (first beast). |
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Term
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Definition
| The ______, like all mammals, are amniotes, but unlike any other mammals, they lay eggs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The _____ are mammals that have live birth |
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Term
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Definition
| The _____ is the single native North American marsupial |
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Term
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Definition
The hemispheres of their brains are not separated, and they
replace only the last premolars during development. They have a different dental formula-- the numbers of
incisors, canines, premolars, and molars-- from other mammals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Marsupials have _____ bones-- bones that project forward from the pubis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest group of mammals are the _____ |
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Term
| Edentata, Glires, Insectivora, Archonta, Carnivora and Ungulata |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Eutherian group found throughout the neotropics with armadillos in North America. These are the anteaters, armadillos, sloths and pangolins. Of the four, only sloths are not specialized as an ant-eater. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rodents, rabbits and elephant shrews belong to this group of Eutherians |
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Term
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Definition
Eutherian group that are all relatively small in size and most are fairly cryptic. A very popular member of this group is the
common hedgehog, often kept as pets, and the mole. Their hairs are a blend of spines and normal hairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| This Eutherian group includes the tree shrews, primates, flying lemurs and bats. |
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Term
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Definition
One particularly important tree shrew is the ____ as you can see from the slide. This is an important
research organism for developing an antidote to alcohol poisoning. |
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Term
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Definition
The primate common ancestor arose sometime in the middle
_____ and these ancestors were tropical tree-dwellers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The early ______ split into two major groups a bit later, the Prosimians and the Anthropoids. |
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Term
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Definition
| The _____ evolved into our modern day lemurs, lorises and tarsiers. These are found in Madagascar, Africa and Asia and they are considered to be the ‘primitive’ primates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Within the ______ we find Old World monkeys, New World monkeys and Apes. |
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Term
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Definition
Discovered in Ethiopia in the 1970s, she was
the earliest known humanoid at the time, estimated to be about 3.2 million years old, and the publication of her
discovery prompted a media storm as you might imagine |
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Term
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Definition
| Hoofed animals are known as _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Two types of whales include ______ whales (blue/humpback) and _____ whales (sperm/pilot) |
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Term
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Definition
The major characteristics of ______ is the mode of travel, most walk on the tips of their toes as opposed to
plantigrade walking. The toes of many _____ are generally fused into one or two hooves and the toes are
also elongated and elevated such that the orientation fof the toe is downward rather than forward. |
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Term
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Definition
The legs of most ______ contain a unique spring-tension tendon system that enables them to run for very long
periods of time without the effort most other mammals would have to invest in such motion. The spring action
frees them from the limitations of muscles needed for such long runs. ______ are among the fastest land
animals known. |
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Term
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Definition
(Statement)
The reasons scientists are so very concerned about the health of our planet and the consequences for the declines and changes we are measuring is that like climate change, extinctions are occurring at a relative warp-speed of change over the last four hundred years…coinciding with the movement of humans around the world. Estimates on the current extinction event is that it is at least as damaging as historical stochastic world-impacting events and about 1000
to 10000 times the rate of natural extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
While over-fishing and hunting, introduced predators and competitors and pollution all play a heavy role in the
current extinction event, the number one culprit for the loss of biodiversity is ________. |
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Term
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Definition
| The immense speed with which we have pushed global climate change due to excessive ______ in the atmosphere is astounding. |
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Term
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Definition
(Statement)
Why is CO2 such a problem?
The carbon dioxide we are adding to the atmosphere is carbon that has not been a part of our Earth’s closed
atmosphere and cycling system for a billion years. Fossil fuels are just that, remnants of carbon-based life that
has long since been removed from the system. We are now pulling that carbon from its burial grounds and
pumping it back into a system that has no place to put it. In other words we are flooding the engine so to speak.
Excessive, long out of the natural system carbon is being poured into the system (our atmosphere) at a
phenomenal rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Much of the diversity of mammals is related to the diversity of their morphological adaptations for _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| The earliest mammals were basically small, nocturnal, generalized ______ with a generalized dentition similar to that found in some modern ______. From such ancestors, all of the modern groups of mammals have evolved |
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Term
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Definition
(Statement)
In mammals, the rear teeth have become modified for chewing the food. This not only helps to break down the physical structure of the food to enhance digestion, but enzymes secreted in the saliva actually begin the digestive process before the food is swallowed. This pre-digestion is unique to mammals and allows them to process food more rapidly than other vertebrates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depending on the type of chewing a mammal requires, the skull and muscles that work the jaw may be constructed very differently. Two examples are the two muscles that close the jaw: the _____ and ______ muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
______ generally have a large temporalis muscle
that gives the jaw a lot of vertical power, while in ______, the masseter muscle usually is much larger and give the jaws a lot of grinding or crushing power |
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Term
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Definition
| Carnivore guts are relatively _____ and passage times of food in the gut are relatively brief compared to herbivores |
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Term
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Definition
(Statement)
One event that has been of major importance in the evolution of herbivores has been the evolution of grasses.
One important feature of grasses is that the plants do not grow from the tip, as most plants do, but instead grow from the base of the leaf blade. |
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Term
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Definition
(Statement)
Herbivores that live mainly on grass can do so only because they have developed two kinds of adaptions; (1) a means of digesting cellulose to get as much energy as possible
out of the plant, and (2) ways of protecting the teeth from wearing away. A number of mammalian groups have independently evolved digestive systems adapted for digesting low quality plant food. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the system found in many rodents, rabbits, horses, elephants, and their relatives. These animals have a simple stomach and a complex intestine. Food passes through the stomach very quickly and slows down in the intestine. Here the food is fermented by the symbiotic organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| In many groups using hind-gut fermentation, there is a blind sac, called a _____, to which the food is shunted for slow digestion before passing through the gut, where most of the actual absorption of nutrients takes place. |
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Term
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Definition
| A more recently derived system than the hind-gut fermentation in mammals is the ______ found in the artiodactyls. This utilizes a multi-chambered stomach in which the fermentation of vegetation takes place before it passes through the intestine. |
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Term
|
Definition
(Statement)
One major advantage of the ruminant system is that
not only the plants, but all the bacteria that grew from nutrients in the plants in the rumen,
are digested further down the line. This means the total yield of protein is much higher
than in the hindgut fermentation system. However, this efficiency is achieved only at the
expense of longer passage times. Ruminants have become the dominant large herbivores,
with hind-gut fermenters being restricted to habitats with lower quality food that the
ruminants cannot do well on. Hence, a horse can live on much poorer quality food than a
cow or a wildebeest, as long as there is a lot of it around, and horses, zebras, etc. tend to
do better in more arid regions that most antelop |
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Term
|
Definition
Ruminants have become the dominant system for _______,
with hind-gut fermenters being restricted to habitats with lower quality food that the
ruminants cannot do well on. |
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Term
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Definition
Generally, smaller ______ are selective browsers that have very narrow, delicate mouths and often have flexible lips that help them to clip off individual leaves from plants. Unselective grazers like the ______ have wide mouths like lawnmowers that
are not capable of making such fine-scale food choices. |
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Term
|
Definition
The smallest African antelope are ______ and ______. These are very small antelope that live in forests or dense bush. They are solitary or live in permanent malefemale pairs, and they tend to be territorial, defending their home ranges against other
individuals or pairs. They are very selective browsers, eating choice new leaves, flowers, fruits, and other nutritious plant parts |
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Term
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Definition
| Many ungulates have teeth with very deep roots that can keep growing as the tops are worn down to protect against wear, this is called ______. |
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Term
|
Definition
Dogs, foxes and wolves have ______ teeth for slicing
through flesh. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Although dogs are rather similar in tooth and jaw structure, there are some subtle differences related to ______ |
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Term
|
Definition
| all mammals have _____ fertilization, and all but a few monotremes give birth to live young. |
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Term
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Definition
| Males have large home ranges that overlap the ranges of several different females due to mammalian solidarity by nature, and an example is the ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| We can consider the European otter's strategy a type of _______, because the ability of a male to defend a large territory probably is more important than the quality of his territory in determining his mating success. |
|
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Term
| resource-defense polygyny |
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Definition
| Wildebeest's use _______, as they defend a fixed territory and wait for females to come to them, and their reporductive success depends primarily on the available resources they have in their defended territory |
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Term
| Harem Polygyny / Female-defense polygyny |
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Definition
| When male mammals move and defend a group of females, rather than defending a fixed territory. (i.e. African Zebras on the Serengetti), red deer, seals) |
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Term
| Lek mating (hammerhead bat & Uganda Kob) |
|
Definition
| Mating system in which males set up small territories in which they defend for a period of time, while other males fight for this terriroty, and females move in and out of this territory choosing a mate. |
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Term
| prolonged male/female interaction after copulation |
|
Definition
| Unusual characteristic of Lek mating system: |
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Term
|
Definition
| Silverbacked jackal and the dog family use this type of breeding, in which males contribute to raising offspring as well |
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Term
|
Definition
(Statement)
Endothermy allows birds and mammals to use behavioral and physiological processes independent of the environment and temperature. |
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Term
|
Definition
technique that uses radioactive isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen to estimate water turnover and production of carbon dioxide in a free-living animal, and use that to
estimate total energy expenditure by an animal in the field. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Term for when metabolic rate does not change at environmental temperatures between a certain amount. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Having a high metabolic rate is not the only thing that allows a bird or mammal to survive at cold temperatures, they also have ______ |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hibernation is not just a deep sleep, but is a much more radical _____ change that involves going into a state of torpor and dropping the body temperature to only a few degrees above freezing |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(Statement)
Mammals have three ways of acquiring water: (1) by drinking, (2) from free water in the food,
and (3) from water produced as a byproduct of metabolic breakdown of the food. Rodents have an ability to exist on very dry seeds with very little free water, getting most of their water from metabolic water. Some species, such as desert kangaroo rats, almost never drink. |
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Term
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Definition
(Statement)
One reason desert mammals can conserve so much water is that they can produce extremely concentrated urine and minimize the amount of water lost through excretion |
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Term
|
Definition
All birds, regardless of where they live, use relatively little water for excretion, because they excrete
nitrogenous wastes mainly as _____ in a semi-solid paste. |
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Term
|
Definition
(Statement)
Birds also have somewhat higher body temperatures than mammals, so they do not gain heat as fast, and they can tolerate increases of several degrees. Baby birds
face the biggest problem, because they cannot move. Obviously one solution to this problem is
to breed only in the rainy season, which is what most desert birds do. Not only is water more
available, but food is more abundant as well. |
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Term
|
Definition
Some birds have unusual adaptations for getting water to their young. The most famous is the ______, found in the deserts of southern Africa. They have a special feather structure that allows the feathers to soak up water.
The adults fly off to a water hole, soak up a lot of water, and then fly back to the nest, where the young drink the water from the feathers! |
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Term
|
Definition
| Primates participate in all mammalian mating systems except _____ |
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Term
|
Definition
| Perhaps the least social primates are _______, which are more primitive than monkeys and apes. The ______ include the lemurs of Madagascar, most of which are diurnal, and a variety of nocturnal species in both Africa and Asia. As with most nocturnal mammals, the latter are fairly solitary. |
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Term
|
Definition
Some species of primates are monogamous. One example is the _____, long-armed apes found in Southeast Asia. The basic spacing system of gibbons is illustrated on the slide.
Males and females mate for life and defend pair territories against other pairs. The young remain in their territories until they are independent, and then disperse to find their own territories. This social system seems to be related to their food resources. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Another monogamous species is the ______ of South America. In this species, the male assumes a large role in parental care. In fact, except for providing milk, the male spends more time caring for the young than the female. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The basic social unit of this mammal is a one-male group, or harem, controlled by a single large male. It includes several females and their offspring. These _____ live in a semi-desert environment, where food tends to be sparsely distributed. |
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Term
|
Definition
The basic social unit of some baboons. Generally there
is a dominance hierarchy among males, and the more dominant males tend to have priority access to females at times when they are most likely to be fertile, but more than one male is able to mate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The basic social unit of a baboon troop is a _____ in which several generations of offspring through the female line may remain together. |
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Term
|
Definition
He did much of the early work on fossil hominids in
East Africa, thought that studies of these apes would provide some insights into the social organization of early man. He inspired and directed such researchers as Jane Goodall and Dian Fossey to study ape behavior for this reason. |
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Term
|
Definition
| His work dispelled the myth of gorillas as savage, aggressive beasts and showed that in fact they have relatively non-violent social behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
(Statement)
Gorillas remain more in groups, and chimpanzees have a more dispersed method of social organization. |
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Term
|
Definition
| By following a lot of individuals around in the forest, ______ found that the stable social unit of chimps is actually a loose community of females who are not closely related to each other, along with their offspring. |
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Term
|
Definition
(Statement)
Unlike most mammals, dispersal in chimpanzees is mainly by the females not the males. Males tend to stay in their natal groups and often brothers will form coalitions to control groups of females. |
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Term
|
Definition
(Statement)
One of the surprising findings of Goodall's work
was the frequency with which groups of male chimpanzees appeared to deliberately murder other males, often stalking them systematically for long periods of time in the forest. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In _____, the more dispersed food makes group foraging impossible, which means that females are not together in stable groups that males can monopolize as a harem. Instead, males defend the entire home range of a loose community of females as a group territory and thereby gain access to females in that community |
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Term
|
Definition
| For chimps to actually mate, males must spend a lot of time following individual females around waiting for them to become receptive. These are called ______, which can be considered a type of mate guarding behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Special species of chimp that sticks together, walk bipedally, sexually interact socially, less agressive behavior, and females dominate over males. |
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