Term
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Definition
| Caecilians all have internal fertilization by means of a copulatory organ, the ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ exhibit a variety of reproductive modes: aquatic eggs with aquatic larvae, terrestrial eggs with aquatic larvae, terrestrial eggs with direct development and no larval stages, and viviparity. Some species have complex parental care, including young feeding off of the lipid-rich skin of the mother. |
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Term
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Definition
Only the most primitive salamanders have _____ fertilization (the sirens and the family
that includes the giant salamanders and the hellbenders) |
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Term
| Primitive salamanders (sirens and hellbenders) |
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Definition
In these species, males defend
territories around ovipostion sites under rocks or in submerged chambers and attract one
or more females to breed. Males then guard the eggs. |
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Term
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Definition
All other salamanders besides primitive ones transfer
sperm by means of _______ that are picked up by the female and taken into her reproductive tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the largest family of salamanders, the ______ salamanders, most species produce terrestrial eggs that undergo direct development into miniature adults, with no larval stage |
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Term
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Definition
| Only a few anurans have internal fertilization, and the only ones with a copulatory organ that is inserted into the female reproductive tract are the _____ frogs of the Pacific Northwest, which breed in streams |
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Term
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Definition
| A few other frogs, like the _____, also have internal fertilization, but lay eggs on land |
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Term
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Definition
The vast majority of frogs have ____ fertilization, with males and females releasing eggs and
sperm simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
_____ show a great diversity of reproductive modes. The
major categories include aquatic, arboreal, and terrestrial oviposition, but within aquatic
egg-layers, there is much variation in the type of water used for reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Except in species with external fertilization, parental care in salamanders is done entirely by the ____, whereas in anurans, males, females, or both sexes can be involved in parental care. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ________ male guards a school of tadpoles and even digs a channel to get them into deeper water |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ carries its tadpoles in the vocal sac of the male |
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Term
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Definition
| Most ______ frogs carry tadpoles on their backs from a terrestrial egg-laying site to water. These frogs and those in several other families sometimes feed the tadpoles with eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly explosive breeding seen in some salamanders that breed in early spring, like the ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| Male salamanders compete by placing their spermatophores on top of those already present. This species exhibits a form of ________, with little or no opportunity for females to choose mates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most ________ salamanders have prolonged courtship seasons lasting several months. Males search for females and then court each one individually |
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Term
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Definition
| In lungless salamanders, usually the male leads the female over the spermatophore after it has been deposited in what is called a ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ have the most elaborate courtship behavior of any salamanders. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the largest species of newts, males form _____ in which groups of males gather in small territories and display to females. These males often fight with one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| In ______, Anuran males typically form very dense choruses, with males greatly outnumbering females. Females in this type of mating system do not have much opportunity to select mates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anuran males actively search for mates, resulting in a _____ mating system |
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Term
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Definition
Male _____ generally has a major impact on male
mating success, because large males simply displace smaller males from amplexus |
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Term
| resource based and non-resource based |
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Definition
| Frogs with prolonged breeding seasons generally can be divided into two general categories of mating systems ____ and _____ |
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Term
| green frogs and bullfrogs |
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Definition
| in _____ and _____, males defend egg-laying sites in the water, and female choice of mates is influenced by territory quality |
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Term
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Definition
| In Anurans, females choose mates based on characteristics of the males themselves, such as ______. Calling performance and the number of nights a male is present in a chorus are more important determinants of male mating success than body size |
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Term
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Definition
| Among the major reptiliomorph clades were the ____, more closely related to the ancestors of mammals than to modern groups of reptiles |
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Term
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Definition
| The _____ were another important group in the reptiliomorph clade, considered to be the sister group to the amniotes. They were the first herbivorous tetrapods. |
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Term
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Definition
Other lineages were ______, which means that they laid amniotic eggs, presumably with a hard shell like
that of some modern reptiles and all birds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The earliest remains of a clearly identifiable amniotic egg is from the early ____ era |
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Term
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Definition
| By the end of the Carboniferous, several distinct lines of amniotes were well established. One line was the ______, which eventually gave rise to the mammals |
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Term
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Definition
A third line was the ______, which gave
rise to all the other reptiles, including tuatara, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The names of amniotes come from patterns of holes, or _____, in the sides of the skull. |
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Term
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Definition
| The earliest amniotes were all _____. They were small lizard-like animals, many of which have been found in deposits formed when the animals became trapped in hollow tree stumps. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first diapsids appeared in the late _____ era |
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Term
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Definition
| All of the living reptiles other than turtles are part of a clade called the _____, defined by the two holes in the side of the head for the jaw muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
One group of diapsids, the
______, are characterized by a body covered with relatively small scales, an epidermis that is shed periodically, and a transverse cloacal slit (other tetrapods have a logitudinal cloacal opening). |
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Term
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Definition
The most primitive lepidosaurs are the _____ of New
Zealand, which resemble lizards in general body morphology, but have more primitive features of the skull. _____ are nocturnal, are active at body temperatures much lower than those of most lizards, and they have the lowest metabolic rates of any reptile. |
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Term
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Definition
All reptiles have internal fertilization, and in many species, females are able to store _____ for long periods of time. This enables many reptiles to separate mating seasons from periods of egg laying or giving birth. Mating periods can be timed to correspond to periods when males are most likely to encounter females, but egg laying or
birth periods can be timed to periods that are most suitable for the offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| All reptiles produce ____eggs in which the embryo develops surrounded by an ______ membrane and a shell. This evolutionary innovation makes reptiles less dependent on water than are amphibians |
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Term
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Definition
| All crocodilians and some turtles have ____ eggs similar to those of birds, with a shell composed of tightly packed calcite crystals in protein matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| Many turtles have _____ eggs. These have fewer and less tightly packed calcite crystals in a protein matrix, giving the egg shell a leathery texture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Snakes and most lizards have _____ eggs, with very little calcium in the shell, which has a paper-like texture. |
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Term
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Definition
| In turtles, warm temperatures produce mostly _____ offspring, whereas cool temperatures produce mostly _____ |
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