Term
| List 3 parts of a research plan |
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Definition
hypothesis then purpose
participants then instruments then procedu
analysis then interpretation |
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Term
| What are 2 main types of research? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Basic research develops foundation for future research. Uses a fundamental process; lab manipulations. ex: experimental, non-experimental, correlational, qualitative, multimethod. |
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Term
| What is applied research? |
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Definition
| Applied research answers questions to get solutions and is considered an "action" subtype dereved from real world findings. |
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Term
| List 5 types of basic research and describe each. |
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Definition
1. Experimental= cause/effect with manipulation of indep. variable.
2. Non experimental=lacks manipulation & random assign of participants.
3. Correlational= focused on vaar direction as parrallel (positive) or intersecting (negative).
4. Qualitative= hypothesis based or ethnography
5. Multimedia= fishnet of some of the basics of the other 4 types of research. |
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Term
| List types of variables and describe each. |
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Definition
Quantitative= varies in amount
Categorical= vary in type
Independent = causes change in another
Dependent= influenced by independent
Intervening=in between
Confounding= variable taht systematically varies with the IV & wrongly influences DV.
Extraneous= competing or another influence on the DV. |
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Term
| Contrast inductive and deductive reasoning. |
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Definition
Deductive is top-down, confirmatory, tests theories & hypotheses, general to specific; theory then hypothesis then data, quantitative, explanatory, and stats results.
Inductive is bottom up; generatory, generates the theory or hypothesis, specific to general, observe to generalize, qualitative, exploratory, narrative results. |
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Term
| How do you control an extraneous variable in a non-experimental design? |
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Definition
*matching= equal extraneous in each grp
*Hold constant= put extraneous in both grp
*Statistical control= use a partial correlation by averaging correlations or use an analysis of covariance by equating both groups statistically. |
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Term
| List some ways you can manipulate the IV to affect the DV |
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Definition
Presence or absence= ex: one group receives treatment; other group doesn't.
Amount= groups receive different amounts of treatment
Type= Different groups receive different types of treatment. |
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Term
| List the basic steps in conducting research. |
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Definition
1. Determine the problem
2. Determine variables
3. Collect data
4. Analyze data
5. Interpret results
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Term
| Describe some strong research design elements. |
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Definition
*Repetition of same treatment or measures.
* use of control group for comparison.
*Use of pre and post testing
*Use of random assignment. |
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Term
| Discuss some weak research design elements. |
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Definition
*Post testing or pre testing instead of both.
*No comparison group.
*use static groups that are pre-formed.
*All of the above can allow extraneous variables to be present & unequated which affects results. |
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Term
| Define 4 main types of random sampling methods. |
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Definition
CLUSTER:random selected churches/schools
STRATIFIED:selected to represent subgroup to group proportional to actual population.(number of females in sample equals proportion in original population)
SYSTEMATIC: uses a sampling interval.
SIMPLE: (random) all members of population have equal chance of selection. |
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Term
| What is the best research design in terms of sampling? |
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Definition
| Random selection and random assignment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which scores obtained an an instrument are consistent measures of what is being measured. |
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Term
| What is test-retest reliability? |
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Definition
| Scores over time of the same test group. NOT too soon/NOT too long after. |
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Term
| What is equivalent forms reliability? |
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Definition
| 2 tests to test the same thing. Items are different but content, no. of items & scoring is same. |
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Term
| What is internal consistency: |
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Definition
| Internal item consistency ensures that you are measuring the same content. |
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Term
| What is split half reliability? |
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Definition
| *Take one test, cut it in half/compare equivalent forms as discussed above. |
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Term
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Definition
| Did the study measure what it said? |
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Term
| When is validation most important? |
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Definition
*With interpretation.
*Value of decisions made based on data.
*Gather evidence to support decisions. |
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Term
| List and describe 4 ways to test validation. |
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Definition
*content validity- testing reflects instruction.
*Criterion related- concurrent and predictive (testing, predicting, performance)
*Construct validity=testing proves unobservable.
*Factor analysis- chinking items or subtests. |
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Term
| Discuss threats to internal validity. |
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Definition
*IV doesn't cause DV (confounding or extraneous variable)
*History= event occurs between pre and post test that affects score.
*Maturation=learning, age or fatigue
*Pre testing= pre test tips off learner for post test.
*Instruments= standard of data collected or different pre/post test items.
*Statistical regression=scores tend to lower on second testing.
*Selection= Different participants have different characteristics.
Interaction with selection= "Different groups may react to event and others to aging.
Selection by history interaction=comparison groups experience different historical event.
*Selection by maturation= comparison groups experience difference in change in aging, etc. |
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Term
| Discuss threats to external validity: |
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Definition
*Do the results transfer to other people at other times?
*Population valid? Sample group transfer to target population.
*Accessible population=random selection from accessible pop should be representative of accessible population (may not be of total population).
*Ecological validity= results transfer across settings.
*Multiple treatment interference=carry over from one treatment affects response in another treatment.
*Reactivity= results are affected by the spotlight phenomena (people know they are being watched).
*Experimenter effects=biases
*Temporal validity= results generalize across time (examples, events, fashion, beliefs) |
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Term
| List the 3 elements that make an assessment: |
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Definition
*Testing to measure variables
*Observation to record behaviors
*Interview to record answers |
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Term
| List main data collection methods for primary data. |
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Definition
| *Tests, Interviews, Focus Groups, Observation, Questionnaires = self report. |
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