Term
Changes in knowledge, feelings or behavior that occur as a result of experience or training
OBSERVABLE! |
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Definition
Learning
As defined by behaviorists |
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Term
| Theoretical approaches to learning |
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Definition
Behaviorism
Sociocognitive
Cognitive |
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Term
| How is behavior affected? |
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Definition
Environmental events
Stimuli and reinforcement
(A stimulus or event will result in a behavior or response) |
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Term
| Is learning similar across species? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which two scientists are associated with Classical Conditioning? Experiments? |
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Definition
Pavlov - Dog salivation
Watson - Baby, loud noises, furry animals |
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Term
| Which two scientists are associated with Operant conditioning? Experiment? |
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Definition
Thorndike - Law of effect
Skinner - |
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Term
Conditioning that involves an involuntary response that we have no control over!
These responses become associated with a once neutral stimulus - one that normally would not elicit the involuntary response! |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of an experiment of classical conditioning? |
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Definition
| Dog Salivation to the bell because it is expecting food! |
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Term
| When two events become paired together enough times they become associated with one another? |
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Definition
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Term
| Any act or response that produces a satisfying effect or result will tend to be repeated |
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Definition
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Term
Voluntary responses are learned to stimuli as a result of the consequences of the response
Consequences can either strengthen or weaken a behavior or response |
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Definition
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Term
| Any consequence that strengthens a behavior or response |
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Definition
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Term
Presenting or adding a pleasant or desired consequence to strengthen a behavior.
Response increases as a result of presentation of a stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
| Types of positive reinforcers? |
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Definition
Tangible or concrete - stars, money
Social - praise/recognition
Activity - Field trip/pizza party |
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Term
Taking away or withdrawing an inhibiting or aversive consequence to strengthen a behavior
Response increases as a result of the removal of a stimulus. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two types of schedules of reinforcement? |
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Definition
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Term
When you give the reinforcement every time the response occurs
Should be used when students are first learning the behavior/skill |
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Definition
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Term
| Once the skill/behavior has been established and the student can easily exhibit it the teacher should switch to... |
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Definition
| Intermittent reinforcement |
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Term
| What are two types of intermittent reinforcement? |
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Definition
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Term
reinforcement that is based on an amount of time
Example: ? |
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Definition
interval
giving pizza party to students Fridays
fixed: |
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Term
Reinforcement based on number of responses
Example: ? |
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Definition
Ratio reinforcement
giving students a pizza party after they finish a hw assignment |
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Term
| What are some ways to use reinforcement correctly? |
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Definition
Make sure the child knows the correct behavior
Select appropriate reinforcers carefully
Principles of Continuity |
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Term
| Weakens or lessens a behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| Taking away something desired or pleasant to weaken a behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| Ways to use punishment effectively? |
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Definition
punishment should be appropriate
not too harsh
Should understand why they are being punished
apply punishment directly after behavior
follow through with consequence |
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Term
| Breaking down complex tasks into simpler steps |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the basic principles of social learning? |
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Definition
importance of environmental events like stimuli and reinforcement
recognizes the influence of cognitive factors such as a person's expectations and beliefs
May or may not be reflected in behvaior
can be through direct experience (enactive) or through observing others (vicariious)
modeling
Self regulation |
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Term
| People set learning goals, monitor those goals, make modifications if necessary, and reward or punish themselves depending upon whether the goals are obtained |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Socio-cognitive theorist
learn by observing and imitating models
Bobo doll experiment - children increased in their aggressive behavior after observing adults behaving aggressively |
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Term
| What are the four important processes involved in observational learning? |
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Definition
1. Attention - models must help observers to focus on the important elements of the behavior (focusing)
2. Retention (remembering) - helping the observer remember the behavior by breaking down the steps
3. Production - giving observer opportunities to practice the skill
4. Motivation - show the value to the observer of learning and producing the observed behavior |
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Term
| What are the three factors that influence a model's effectiveness? |
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Definition
Perceived similarity
Perceived competence
Perceived status |
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