Kohlberg's Theory

3 Levels

Level 1: Preconventional (up to 9 years)

Level 2: Conventional (9 years to high school)

Level 3: Postconventional (College to rare adults)

Stage 1: Punishment and obedience orientation

(that which is punished is bad)

Stage 2: naive instrumental hedonism 

(act motivated by its hedonistic consequences for the actor)

Stage 3: "Good-boy" "Nice-girl" morality

(reactions of others and the effects of the act on social relationships become important)

Stage 4: Law-and-order orientation

(institutions, law, duty, honor, and guilt motivate behavior)

Stage 5: Morality of social contract

Stage 6: Universal Ethical

Avoid punishment

Receive benefits in return

Impress others

Respect Authority

Manual agreements

Consistent principles (self-chosen principles, weigh all the factors and make the most appropriate decisions)

1. Selfish orientation (orientation toward survival)- what is practical and best for self

school application- a first grader insists on playing only games she chooses when playing with a friend

2. recognition of responsibility to others (goodness as self-sacrifice)

school application- how older, the same girl may believe she must play the games her friend chooses, even if she herself does not like them 

3. a responsibility to self and others (includes non-violence) hurting anyone is seen as immoral

school application- girl realizes that both friends must enjoy their time together and look for activities that both her friend and she can enjoy

Eric Erikson

Crises 

Crises has two sides.

1. opportunity for growth

2. bring up earlier crises

Eric Erikson's Stages of Man

Stage One

Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 18 months)

• trust is a feeling of comfort and minimal amount of fear and apprehension
• i am what i am given. will someone be present for me?
• psychosocial strength, hope, which is an openness to new experiences with awareness that danger might aris

Eric Erikson's Stages of Man 

Stage Two

Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt

• the beginnings of self-control and confidence responsibility for self-care including feeling, dressing, and toileting, locomotion and speech is advancing
• psychosocial strength will i am what i will choice making becomes important independence develops

Eric Erikson's Stages of Man

Stage Three

Initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6 years)

• initiative adds to autonomy the qualities of understanding and planning tasks
• play and fantasy take on importance
• psychosocial strength purpose within limits one can act on the world intentionally
• offer a choice and a voice
• parent's challenge is to not have their child loose zest for doing

Eric Erikson's Stages of Man

Stage Four

Industry vs. inferiority (6 to 12 years)

• I am what I learn. psychosocial strength competence.
• challenges child, has to balance leaving home, going to school, making friends

Eric Erikson's Stages of Man

Stage Five

Identity vs. role confusion (12-18 years)

• Who am I? I am the roles I assume.
• Middle school students are making the transition from industry to the identity stage,
• pressure is often present to prematurely develop an identity
• psychosocial strength: fidelity, which is a belief in one's self and capabilities

Eric Erikson's Stages of Man

Stage Six

Intimacy vs. Isolation (20's and 30's, 18-35)

• finding oneself, yet losing oneself in another person
• psychosexual strength: love, we are what we love, true intimacy involves a commitment to each other which leads to solidarity

Eric Erikson's Stages of Man

Stage Seven

Generation vs. self-absorption (middle adulthood, 35-60)

• I am what I teach.
• Psychosocial strength: care.
• Service to others.

Eric Erikson's Stages of Man

Stage Eight

Ego Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood)

• assiming new roles with diminished health and a weakening body.
• retrospective glances in looking back over one's life will there be ego integrity or despair?
• psychosocial strength: wisdom and confidence
• I am what survives me.

James Marcia- an Eriksonian researcher

The Four Identity Statuses

1. identity foreclosure
2. identity diffusion
3. identity moratorium- process of exploring but haven't commutted
4. identity achievement- done exploring and have committed

James Marcia

Perspective Identity Achiever

Jean Piaget

Four stages of Intellect

Stage One

Sensorymotor (birth to 2)

children take in world through senses, reflexive, lack object permanence, egocentric thinking

Jean Piaget

Four Stages of Intellect

Stage Two

Preoperational (2 to 7)

language and motor skills develop, pre-concept substage lack conservation, can't perform operations

Jean Piaget

Four Stages of Intellect

Stage Three

Concrete Operations (7 to 11)

less egocentric and understand the viewpoints of others, can seriate, use concrete representation

Jean Piaget

Four Stages of Intellect

Stage Four

Lev Vygotsky- a social constructivist theorist

2PD

Lev Vygotsky

Scaffolding

the changing level of support provided to the learner

(teaching a child to ride a bike)