1) What are the different kinds of development?

2) Three principles of development?

1) Changes in Physical (body), personal (personality), social (relating to others), and cognitive (thinking)

2) a) People develop at different rates, b) development is an orderly process, c) development takes place gradually.

What does what in the brain?

1) Cerebellum

2) Hippocampus

3) Amygdala

4) Thalamus

5) Reticular formation

6) Corpus callosum

1) Coordinates balance and skilled movements; higher cognitive functions such as learning

2) Recalling new information and recent experiences

3) Directs emotions

4) Aids in learning new information, especially if it is verbal

5) Attention and arousal, blocking and sending messages for processing

6) moves information from one side of the brain to the other

What is the cerebral cortex? (4 points)

What is a neuron?

1) - Largest area of the brain

- allows problem solving and language

- last to develop, therefore more susceptible to environmental influences

- 85% of the brains weight, contains the most neurons

2) - Structures that store and transmit information

- connect with other neurons and transfer information acoss synapses

- 100-200 billion neurons in the developed brain at birth

1) What is Experience-expectant pruning processes?

Experience-dependant?

1) Overproduction of synapses during developmental periods expecting stimulation. Responsible for general development in large areas of the brain.

2) Synaptic connections are formed based on the individual's experiences; more are produced than necessary.

1) What is Plasticity?

2) What is Myelination?

1) The brain's ability to remain adabtable.  As we experience the world, synapses change which is the basis of learning.

2) Coating of neuron fibres to make message transmission faster.  Happens quickly in early years, but slows into adolescence.

- physical motor movement matures first

- areas that control complex senses (vision/hearing)

- the frontal lobe that controls higher-order thinking

- temporal lobes that regulate emotions and language do not develop fully until highschool.

1) What is lateralization?

2) What does the left hemisphere affect?

3) What does the right hemisphere affect?

1) The specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain.  Each half is more efficient than the other at any given task, and one side affects the opposite side of the body more than the other.

2) The major factor in laguage processing

3) Handles most of the spatial-visual information and emotions

Most right-handed people have language localized in their    1)    hemisphere.

About   2)  % of left-handed people have language localized in their left hemisphere

About   3)  % have language localized in their right hemisphere

About   4)  % have bilateral representation of language

1) Left

2) 70%

3) 15%

4) 15%

1) Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development is based on the assumption that?

2) What (4) influences thinking processes and knowledge development?

3) Knowledge develops through two basic instincts:

1) People try to make sense of the world and create knowledge through direct experiences.

2) Maturation, activity, social transmission, and need for equilibrium influence thinking processes and knowledge development.

3) The development of schemes (organization), and assimilating new information into, and accommodating changes to existing schemes (adaptation).

Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development:

1) Sensorimotor: (3 points)

2) Preoperational (4 points)

3) Concrete operational (3 points)

4) Formal operational (4 points)

1) Sensorimotor 0-2 Years: learning through the senses, object permanence, and goal-directed actions.

2) Preoperational 2-7 Years: semiotic function (use of symbols), one way logic, bad principle of conservation (due to centraion (focussing on one aspect)), and egocentrism (only sees one point of view)

3) Concrete operational 7-11 Years: can solve concrete problems logically, understands laws of conservation, understands reversibility

4) Formal operations 11-Adult: able to solve abstract problems logically, more scientific thinking, concerns about social issues, develops identity