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| relationship between variables as they naturally occur |
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| tasks which arise in social context during an individuals lifetime |
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| a measure of ability of a test for predicting future behavior |
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| study of relationship between different rankings on the same set of items |
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| 50% - upper 75% lower 25% |
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| principle of successive approximation |
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| method for estimating the value of an unknown qauntity by repeated comparison to a sequence of known quantatives |
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| critical/sensitive period of development |
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| Age period where a behavior must develop if it is to develop normally |
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| According to Guilford's Structure of Intellect (SI) theory, an individual's performance on intelligence tests can be traced back to the underlying mental abilities or factors of intelligence. SI theory comprises up to 180 different intellectual abilities organized along three dimensions—Operations, Content, and Products. |
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| developmental trend (from simple to complex, homogenous to hetergenous, general to specific) |
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| application of learning acquired in one situation to new situations |
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| information received and held in for very short time |
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| applying general rules to exceptional cases different from the norm |
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| i.e, any 4 legged animal is a "dog" |
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| sentence structure noun, phrase, verb |
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| part of long term memory stores facts and general knowledge |
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| is a theory of mind and brain that proposes that the operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies; or, that the whole is different than the sum of its parts. The classic Gestalt example is a soap bubble, whose spherical shape is not defined by a rigid template, or a mathematical formula, but rather it emerges spontaneously by the parallel action of surface tension acting at all points in the surface simultaneously. This is in contrast to the "atomistic" principle of operation of the digital computer, where every computation is broken down into a sequence of simple steps, each of which is computed independently of the problem as a whole. |
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| parallel distributed processing |
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| information processed at the same time in the sensory register, short term memory and long term memory. |
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| responsible for storing speech based information |
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| decreased ability to learn new information because of interference of present knowledge |
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| inability to recall previous information because of new information |
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| inability to recall previous information because of new information |
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| Three-ring model of giftedness promoted a broadened conception of giftedness (above average, commited, creativity) |
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| He found that organization and planning were keys to good classroom management along with proactive behavior on the part of the teacher and high levels of student involvement. Teachers also need to have good Lesson Movement. This emphasizes the strong relationship between effective management and effective teaching. It is maintained through withitness, overlapping, momentum, smoothness, and group focus. |
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| Kounin's term - The teacher knows what is going on in the classroom at all times. Seemingly, the teacher has eyes in the back of his/her head. This is not only when the teacher is in a small group setting, but when he/she is presenting a topic or students are working as individuals. It can be as simple as looking around the room frequently or making sure your back is never turned to the class. It is not necessary to know what the teacher knows is going on - it is what the students believe she knows. |
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| statistical measurement of the degree of dispersion in a distance of scores |
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| believes person is active in and an initiator in life - 3 levels: Preconventional- punishment:obidence; insrumental:relationist. Conventional - interpersonal:concordance, authority:social order maintaining; Post conventional - social:contract, universal:ethical |
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| adversary of Kohlberg, believed his studies were flawed for the lack of women participants. Big difference in moral development among women and men. Women use principles of care. |
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| knowing about ones own cognitive system; thinking about ones "thinking" |
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| Survey, Question, Read, Recite and Review |
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| In 1956, Miller suggested that seven (plus or minus two) was the magic number that characterized people's memory performance on random lists of letters, words, numbers, or almost any kind of meaningful familiar item. |
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| part of long term memory that stores information about how to do things |
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| standard score having mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1 |
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| assessments that compare performance of one student against performance of others |
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| criterion referenced test |
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| assessments that rate how thoroughly students have mastered specific skills |
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| work pulled from various stages of persons schooling years to show learning |
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| motivation - fixed interval |
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| reinforcement following constant amount of time |
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| reinforcement following fixed number of behaviors |
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| motivation - variable interval |
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| reinforcement after unpredictable amount of time |
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| motivation - variable ratio |
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| reinforcement after unpredictable number of behaviors |
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| removing reinforcement for behavior thus eliminating behavior |
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| cognitive development theory - memory aided by conversation |
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| The Chomskyan approach towards syntax, often termed generative grammar, studies grammar as a body of knowledge possessed by language users. Since the 1960s, Chomsky has maintained that much of this knowledge is innate, implying that children need only learn certain parochial features of their native languages.[15] The innate body of linguistic knowledge is often termed Universal Grammar. From Chomsky's perspective, the strongest evidence for the existence of Universal Grammar is simply the fact that children successfully acquire their native languages in so little time. He argues that the linguistic data to which children have access radically underdetermine the rich linguistic knowledge which they attain by adulthood (the "poverty of the stimulus" argument). |
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| All teenagers are prone to have an imaginary audience. They feel as though they have an audience watching every move. This imaginary audience is the outgrowth of what is referred to as egocentrism |
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| Term coined by David Elkind (1967) that is used in psychology to describe a form of egocentrism normally exhibited during early adolescence, and it is characterized by an over-differentiating of one's experiences and feelings from others to the point of assuming those experiences are unique from those of others. A person might believe that he is the only on who can experience whatever feelings of joy, horror, misery, or confusion he might encounter. |
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| A theory of adult logical development |
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| Symbolic thought is the representation of reality through the use of abstract concepts such as words, gestures, and numbers. According to Jean Piaget, imitation plays an important role in the development of symbolic thought because the child is able to imagine behaviors observed in the past and to recreate them as imitated behaviors. |
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| Motivational theory that students use to explain cuases of their success or failure |
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| pioneer in studying children's stages of knowledge development |
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| Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children |
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| natural desire to achieve; people stretch goals to attainable levels;concern for personal achievement rather than rewards; desire for job-relevant feedback |
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| Differential Ability Scale |
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| Not an IQ test. Using profile analysis, you can identify the child’s strengths and weaknesses, so the appropriate IEP goals, intervention strategies, and progress monitoring can be developed. |
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inv.-2 |
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| Personality test highly used in mental health. |
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| Thematic Apperception Test |
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| The TAT is popularly known as the picture interpretation technique because it uses a standard series of 30 provocative yet ambiguous pictures about which the subject must tell a story. In the case of adults and adolescents of average intelligence, a subject is asked to tell as dramatic a story as they can for each picture. Historically, the Thematic Apperception Test or TAT has been amongst the most widely used, researched, and taught projective psychological tests. Its adherents claim that it taps a subject's unconscious to reveal repressed aspects of personality, motives and needs for achievement, power and intimacy, and problem-solving abilities. |
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| Measures verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and critical thinking and analytical writing skills |
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| learning that emphasizes observable changes in behavior |
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| studying the elemental structures of consciousness |
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| the mind is influenced by forces in socity and the unconscious. Value orientation holds hopful view of humans and their ability to be self determiing (choice, creativity, body, mind and spirit) |
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| relatively permenant change in an individual behavior or potential or capability as a result of experience or practice |
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| cognitive learning therapists believes students learn new things by . . . |
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| focusing on mental processes |
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| the concept that certain properties of an object remain same regardless of change in their properties |
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1. sensorymotor - infancy, knowledge based on interaction.
2. pre-operational - toddler to early childhood - language and egocentric thinking.
3. Concrete operations elem. to early adol. egocentrism diminishes
4. formal operations - adol. to adult |
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| idea generalized from specific examples |
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| formulation of principles |
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| relationship between factors |
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| carrying over of behaviors, skills or concepts from one task to another |
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| eliminating/decreasing behavior by removal of reinforcement for it. |
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| perception of and response to differences in stimuli |
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| application of knolwedge acquired in one situation to new situations |
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| a readiness or predispositionto learn developed from previous learning experiences. |
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| gradually teaches new behavior through use of reinforcement until target behavior is achieved |
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| transfer of a response learng to one stimulus to a similar stimulus |
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| IPT - Information processing theory |
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| Cognitive theory of learning that describes the processing, storage and retrieval of knowledge from the mind. |
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