Term
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Definition
| a personal limitation that restricts an individual's functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition imposed on a person who has a disability |
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Definition
| Orthopedic disorders, restrictions of movement because of muscle, joint, or bone problems |
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Term
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Definition
| include visual and hearing impairments |
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Term
Visual Impairment (disability)
Low vision |
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Definition
| acutiy between 20/70 and 20/200 with corrective lens |
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Term
Visual Impairment (disability)
Educationally blind |
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Definition
| cannot use thier vision in learning and must use their hearing and touch to learn |
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Term
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Definition
| a cognition with an onset before age eighteen that involves low intelligence (usually below 70 on a traditional individually administered intelligence test) and difficulty in adapting to everyday life |
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Term
| Causes of Mental Retardation |
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Definition
| genetic factors (down syndrom, fragile X syndrome), and brain damage (infections, environmental hasards, fetal alchohol syndrome) |
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Term
| Classifications of Mental Retardation |
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Definition
| mild, moderate, severe, profound |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetically transmitted form of mental retardation due to an extra (47th) chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a disability in which children are of normal inteligence or above, have difficulty in at least one academic area and usually several, and have no other diagnosed probelm or disorder, such as mental retardation that is causing the difficulty |
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Term
| Characteristics of a learning disability |
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Definition
| problems listening, concentrationg, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, math or social interaction. often have trouble with reading, math, and written language |
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Term
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Definition
| a nervous disorder characterized by recurring sensorimotor attacks or movement convulsions |
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Term
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Definition
| a nervous disorder characterized by recurring sensorimotor attacks or movement convulsions |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetically trasmittted form of mental retardation due to an abnormaility on the x chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of abnormalities, including mental retardation and facial abnormalities, that appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy |
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Term
| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
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Definition
| a disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics over a period of time, inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity |
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Term
| Speech and language disorders |
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Definition
| a number of speech problems (such as articulation disorders, voice disorders, and fluency disorders) and language problems (difficulties in receiving information and expressing language) |
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Term
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Definition
| problems in pronouncing sounds correctly |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders producing speech that is hoarse, harsh, too loud, too high-pitched or too low-pitched |
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Term
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Definition
| significant impairments in a child's receptive or expressive language |
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Term
| emotional and behavioral disorders |
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Definition
| serious, persistent problems that involve relationships, aggression, depression, fears associated with personal or school matters, and other innapropriate socioemotional characterisitcs |
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Term
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Definition
| feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, more likely in adolescence than childhood and higher in women |
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Term
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Definition
| a severe impairment in the ability to read and spell |
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Term
| Individualized education plan (IEP) |
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Definition
| a written statement that spells out a program specifically tailored for the student with a disability |
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Term
| Individuals with disabilites education act (IDEA) |
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Definition
| this act spells out broad mandates for services to all children with disabilites, including evalutaion and determination of eligibility, appropriate education and an individualized education plan (IEP) and education in the least restrictive environment |
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Term
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Definition
| education children with special educaiton needs full time in the regular classroom |
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Term
| collaborative consulatation |
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Definition
| people with diverse expertise interact to provide servies for children, it encourages shared responsibility in planning and decision making |
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Term
| recommendations for teaching children with disabilites |
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Definition
| carry out each child's IEP, encourage your school to provice increased support and trating in how to teach children with disabilites, use the support that is available and seek otehr support, become more knowledgable about the types of children with disabilites in your classroom, be cautious about labeling children with a disability, remember that chilren with disabilites benefit from many of the same teaching strategies that benifit children without disabilites, keep up to date with technology, and help children without a disability understand those that do |
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Term
| Least restrictive environment (LRE) |
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Definition
| a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated |
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Term
| Criteria for idenifying gifted children |
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Definition
| learn in a qualitativly different way, are precoucious, have accelerated information processing skills, and have a passion for mastery |
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Term
| Program options for gifted children |
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Definition
| special classes (pull out program), acccleration and enrichemnt in the regualr classroom, mentor and apprenticeship programs, work/study, and community service programs |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively premanent change in behavior that occurs through experience |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that behavior shoudl be explained by obeservable experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| learing that two events are connected |
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Term
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Definition
| anything effectively impinging upon any of the sense apparatuses of a living organism, including physical phenomena both internal and external to the body. |
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Term
| Classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov) |
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Definition
| type of learning in which an organism learn to connect or associate stimuli. a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit simular responses |
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Term
| example of the classical conditioning principles |
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Definition
| US (doing poorly on a test), UR (anxiety), CS (math test), CR (anxiety) |
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Term
| Operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning) |
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Definition
| form of learining in which the consequences of behavior produce changes in the probablity that the behavior will occur |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement based on the principle that the frequnecy of a response increases because it is followed by a rewardting stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| increased that probablility that a behavior will occur |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement based on the principle that the frequency of a response increased an unpleasant stimulus is removed |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases the probablity that a behavior will occur |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforce after a set number of responses (ex. continuous reinforcment) |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforce after an average but unpredictable number of responses (ex. gambling) |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforce appropriate response after a fixed amount of time (exams every 2 weeks) |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforce appropriate responses after a variable amount of time (pop quizes) |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that behaviors followed by postitive outcomes are strenthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakend |
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Term
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Definition
| a method based on classical conditioning that reduces anxiety by getting the individual to associate deep relaxation with successive visualizations of increasingly anxiety-provoking situations |
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Term
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Definition
| teaching new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations to a specified target behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| an added stimulus or cue that is given just before a response and increases the likelihood the response will occur |
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Term
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Definition
| putting reinforcement contingencies into writing |
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Term
| applied behavior analysis |
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Definition
| application of the principles of operant conditioning to change human behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes |
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