Term
| Wright - Interactionalist |
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Definition
| a study of a multi ethnic school shows teachers are ethnocentric and see the british as superior students regardless of ability, affecting how they related to asian pupils. asian students felt isolated when their names were pronounced wrong or they were treated differently to others.the affect was that these students were marginalized and couldn't participate fully. |
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Term
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Definition
| presents the theory of labelling, teachers often label students on preconcieved ideas as opposed to ability or attitude. labelling can lead to a self fulfilling prophecy in which they live up too any positive or negative labels attached to themselves. |
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Term
| Fuller - Interactionalist |
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Definition
| their study of black girls in comprehensive schools showed that ethnicity were more likely to reject labels. the girls were high achievers in a school where minority were put into low streams. this proved that negative labels don't always lead to failure. |
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Term
| Gilborn & Youdell - interactionalist |
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Definition
| the introduction of league tables has led to an A - C economy which has negatively impacted students. it leads to a triage and seperates pupils into 3 catagories , a-c students, c/d borderline who may need help and hopeless cases. working class students are also losing out when it comes to marketisation. |
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Term
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Definition
| they found that minoritys fail to achieve their ambitions due to restrictive coping mechanisms. they were selective with the staff they asked for help and tried to avoid teachers with bad attitudes leading to them restricting their opportunities. they identified 3 types of teacher racism: color blind, overt and liberal chauvinist |
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Term
| Sewell - Interactionalist |
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Definition
| boys fall behind because education has become feminised and masculine traits arent nurtured. instead they celebrate feminine qualitys such as methodical working and attentivness. coursework is a major reason for gender differences in achievement and coursework should be replaced with final exams and outdoor education. |
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Term
| Epstein - Interactionalist |
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Definition
| the growth of laddish subcultures has contributed to male underachievment. boys are more concerned than girls that they are labelled due to risks on their masculinity. working class boys tend to reject schoolwork saying "real boys dont work" |
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Term
| Sewell (racial study) - Interactionalist |
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Definition
| examines how black students cope with racism, there is a common sterotype of black machismo (black masculinity) in which boys are seen as anti school and rebellious. they have 4 coping strategies for this:rebels, conformists, retreatists or innovators. although a small number fit the stereotype all are seen this way leading to underachievement. |
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Term
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Definition
| studied pupil subcultures that emerged due to labelling, teachers sorted pupils due to ability through streaming or differentiation. polarization is how the pupils percieve streaming by either accepting or rejecting it, two opposing poles, leading to pro school and anti school subcultures |
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Term
| Rosenthal & Jacobson - Interactionalist |
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Definition
| researched the self fuffiling prophecy through an experiment. a test was used to identify talent however it was random selection. teachers were told these students were naturally gifted and within a year 47% had shown significant improvment. teachers beliefs had been changed due to the test results and they conveyed these beliefs to the students. |
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Term
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Definition
the state is a means of the ruling class maintaining their position, two types of apparatus:
-repressive apparatus - maintain bourgeoisie rule through force or threats
-ideological state apparatus -maintais bourgeoisie rule through controlling ideas, values and beliefs
education reproduces inequality and justifies it by producing deceitful ideologies |
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Term
| Bowles & gintis - Marxist |
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Definition
| there is a myth of meritocracy, capitalism requires an obedient workforce that has the personality that suits capitalist ideals. those who were creative tend to get lower grades than those who were obedient. this myth justifies the higher classes privileges and the working class having just enough. |
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Term
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Definition
| capitalism requires a workforce that is willing to accept exploitation.however pupils can reject this indoctrination. study of 12 males aka "the lads". they developed a distinct counter school culture similar to that of male manual laborers. their rejection slots them into manual jobs regardless of ability. |
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Term
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Definition
| challenging stereotypes in education are reasons for gender differences in achievment. removal of stereotypes from teaching and learning resources has led to the removal of a learning barrier for women. in general sexist images have been removed presenting girls with more positive ideas. |
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Term
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Definition
| equal opportunities policies are a key change in the education system. those who run the system are now more aware of gender issues, teachers are more sensitive to gender stereotyping. the introduction of the national curriculum was a step towards making girls and boys more equal and school has become more meritocratic with girls exceeding boys. |
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Term
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Definition
| marketisation policies have createda more competitive climate in which schools see girls as desirable recuits because they achieve better exam results. the introduction of league tables have made high achieving girls more attractive and therefore shown low achieving boys as liability students. |
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Term
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Definition
| since the 60`s the feminist movement has challenged traditional ideas and made great progress towards equality. feminism has raised womens expectations and self esteem and has improved their opportunities through new legislation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the rise of feminism has led to women having careers instead of doing housework.greatter career opportunities and better pay provide an incentive for girls to gain qualifications which has led to a change in women's ambitions. |
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Term
| Mitsos & browne - Feminist |
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Definition
| girls are more successful in coursework as they are mose conscientious and better organised than boys. this helped girls to benifit from the introduction of coursework in GCSE , AS and A-levels. sociologists argue these characteristics and skills are the result of early gender role socialization in the family |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways in which pupils are assessed benefits girls and disadvantages boys. there was a major spike in achievement in 1989 when GCSE`s were introduced adding coursework to nearly all subjects. the gender gap in achievement is a product of the changed system of assessment rather than the general failing of boys. |
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Term
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Definition
| education should be opened up through supply and demand. the disadvantaged groups have been badly served by state education. it fails to produce skills needed by the economy. private schools do better as they have to answer to paying customers. they propose a voucher system for education = marketisation |
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Term
| Davis & Moore - functionalist |
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Definition
| education selects and allocates to their future job roles through aptitude and ability. inequality is necessary to ensure the best roles are filled by the most talented people. not everyone is equally talented encouraging competition through rewards. |
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Term
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Definition
| education teaches social solidarity in that we are all in society together. education teaches specialist skills and cultures which would help us in later life. school is society in miniature as it represents the order and structures of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| school is the focal socialization agency, a bridge between the family and wider society. the child is given an ascribed ststus but through education we are given achieved status. school treats us by the same impersonal and universalistic standards. based on meritocracy |
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Term
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Definition
| they argue language is key in understanding class differences in achievment. speech codes give middle class students an advantage. two types: restricted code, basic limited vocabulary favoured by the working class / elaborate code, wider vocabulary and usually more complex . the working class lose out as teachers and textbooks tend to use elaborate language codes. |
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Term
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Definition
| both cultural and material factors contribute to educational achievment. the term cultural capital refers to knowledge, attributes and values and through education these are applied to abstract ideas. educational, cultural and economic capital can all be converted into each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| parents attitudes and values are a key factor affecting educational achievment, the working class have 4 main barriers affecting their educational achievment. fatalism (whatever will be will be), collectivism (friends are more important than work), immediate gratification (rewards now are better than bigger rewards later) and present time orientation (present is more important than the future) |
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Term
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Definition
| marketisation from the 1980`s has transformed parents into consumers and schools compete for students who will boost their rankings in league tables. they identified three tupes of parent: privileged-skilled choosers, disconnected local choosers and semi skilled choosers. |
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