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| an experiment or observation that is verified by testing the statement (research studies that are based on firsthand collection of data) |
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| The integration of professional wisdom with the best available empirical evidence in making decisions about how to deliver instruction |
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| theories are tentative ways of explaining and predicting phenomena |
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| Educational implications empirical research, either quantitative, qualitative, or a combination thereof |
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| Suggested classroom or school practice program evaluation where it becomes possible to learn the extent to which a program or curriculum is successful when its implementation becomes widespread in schools or entire districts. |
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| necessitate the collection and analysis of narrative data ie observation notes, interview transcripts, journal entries [inductive reasoning]) |
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| (require the collection and analysis of numerical data ie test scores, opinion ratings, attitude scales[deductive reasoning].) |
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| is defined as any systematic inquiry conducted by teachers, administrators, counselors, or others with a vested interest in the teaching and learning process or environment for the purpose of gathering information about how their particular schools operate, how they teach, and how their students learn. |
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| (refers to the ways in which we have behaved in the past) |
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| (refers to the use of the opinions of experts, whoe we assume will know what will work best) |
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| (refers to the use of human reasoning as a basis for answering questions) |
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| (is a specific strategy used to answers questions and resolve problems) |
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| (used by quantitative research works by a top down manner- theory then hypotheses then data then confirmation) |
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| (used by qualitative research works bottom up- observations then patterns then tentative hypothesis then theory) |
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| (factors that may affect the outcome of a study or characteristics that are central to the topic) |
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| (variable were the researcher has control) |
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| the ultimate variable that depends on the independent such as the “behavioral” variable) |
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| Experimental /treatment group |
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| group that receives the new lesson or product |
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| group that receives old lessons or the method that has always been taught and they are compared to treatment group) |
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| Non-experimental research |
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| the researcher has no direct control over any variable in the study, either because it has already occurred or because it is not possible for it to be influenced.) |
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| allows researchers to summarize, organize, and simplify data. Specific techniques include such statistics as the mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation, correlations, and standardized scores |
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| (more complex and permit researchers to test statistical significance of the difference between two or more groups or to test the degree of correlation between tow variables) |
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| refers to a decision made from the results of statistical procedures that enable researchers to conclude that the findings of a given study [the size of the difference between two groups or the strength of the relationship between two variables] are large enough in the sample studied in order to represent a meaningful difference or relationship in the population from which the sample was drawn |
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| engage the researcher in a long process of individual interviews in an attempt to fully understand a phenomenon ie what characteristics of teachers are needed for a teacher to be seen as compassionate? |
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| (attempts to describe social interactions between people in group settings ie what meaning does teachers’ lounge have for the staff at GCHS) |
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| (research studies attempt to discover a theory that relate to a particular environment ie what types of school characteristics serve to motivate teachers? ) |
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| (in depth studies of individual programs, activities, people, or groups ie what is nature of school culture in GCHS) |
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| specific plan for collecting data in research data |
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| they are based on data other than solely the author’s individual opinions and perceptions |
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| a firsthand account of original research |
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| (summaries, compilations, or interpretations of primary research information) |
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| observational research (descriptive quantitative research) |
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| the focus is on a specific aspect of behavior, perhaps a single particular variable. |
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| survey research (descriptive quantitative research) |
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| involves acquiring information from individuals representing one or more groups-perhaps about their opinions, attitudes, or characteristics-by specifically asking them questions and then tabulating their responses. |
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| correlational study (correlational quantitative research) |
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| the action researcher examines whether and to what degree a statistical relationship exists between two or move variables. |
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| report two aspects of the relationship between given variables: the direction of the relationship and the strength of the relationship. |
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| indicates that as the scores or values on one variable increase, the values on the other variable also increase. Similarly, as the values on one decrease, the values on the other also decrease. |
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| means that as the values on one variable increase, the values on the other variable decrease. |
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| attempt to do what correlational designs cannot-investigate cause and effect relationships. |
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| Causal-comparative research |
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| used to explore reasons behind existing differences between two or more groups. Also known as “after the fact" |
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| (this is probably what your action research will look like) they incorporate several aspects of experimental studies but exclude others of substantial importance. |
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| a very primitive type of experimental design; involves one group that is exposed to some sort of experimental treatment and then posttested after the passage of time. |
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| one-group pre-test-posttest design |
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| a preexperimental design involving two groups of participants who are pretested exposed to different treatment conditions, and then posttested. |
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| Quasiexperimental designs |
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| (this is probably what your action research will look like) closest relative to true experimental designs, the only difference being that there is no random assignment of participants to groups. |
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| What are the purposes of a literature review? |
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| an examination of journal articles, books, research papers, and so on: related to an action research project; helps guide the development of future research projects by examining previous research on the topic |
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| characteristic of data that deals with the extent to which the data that have been collected accurately measure what they purport to measure |
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| is a process of relating multiple sources of data in order to establish their trustworthiness or verification of the consistency of the facts while trying to account for their inherent biases. [basically allows them to see what happens in reality]) (used in qualitative research) |
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| concept related to the consistency of quantitative research |
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| a thought process that uses logic to make sense of patterns and trends in the data) |
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| (type of nonexperimental study; determines the degree of relationship that exists between two or more variables) |
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| a correlation coefficient whose value is less than zero, indicating that as the scores or values on one variable increase, the values on the other variable decrease |
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| a correlation coefficient whose value is greater than zero, indicating that as the scores or values on one variable increase, the values on the other variable also increases |
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| Causal-comparative research |
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| quantitative research design used to explore reasons behind existing differences between two or more groups |
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| Quasi-experimental research |
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| closest relative to true experimental designs, the only difference being that there is no random assignment of participants to groups |
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| –“the problem with qualitative research is that the researches find what they want to find, and then write up the results.” |
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| Methods to avoid researcher bias |
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| Reflexivity, negative case sampling,and Descriptive validity |
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| researcher actively engages in critical self reflection about his or her potential biases and predispositions |
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| this means that they attempt carefully and purposely to search for examples that disconfirm their expectations and explanations they are studying |
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| refers to the factual accuracy of the account as reported by the researcher. |
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| Strategies to obtain descriptive validity |
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| investigator triangulation |
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| accurately portraying the meaning attached by the participants to what is being studied by the researcher. |
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| investigator triangulation |
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| involves multiple observers to record and describe the research participants behavior and the context in which they are located |
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| Strategies to obtain interpretive validity |
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Participants’ feedback also known as “member checking” sharing data with members to clean up miscommunication or
Theoretical validity |
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| to the degree that a theoretical explanation developed from a research study fits the data and therefore, is credible and defensible |
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| Strategies to obtain theoretical validity |
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| extended fieldwork, Theory triangulation, pattern matching, negative case sampling,Internal validity or Peer review |
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| this means that you should try to spend time discussing your explanations with your colleagues so that they can search for problems with it each problem must then be resolved. |
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| the strategy is to make several predictions at once, then if all predication occur at predicted you have evidence supporting your claim. |
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| the use of mulitply theories and perspectives to help interpret and explain the data |
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| this means that you should spend a significant amount of time studying your research participants and their setting so that you can have confidence that the patterns of relationships you believe are operating are stable and so that you can understand why these relationships occur |
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| refers to the degree to which a research is justified in concluding that an observed relationship is causal. |
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| Strategies to obtain internal validity |
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| participant feedback, pattern matching, negative case sampling etc. methods triangulation,data triangulation |
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| the researcher uses more than one method of research in a single research method |
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| the research uses multiple data sources in a single research study. |
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| how to obtain External validity |
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| replication logic when it occurs again and again naturalistic generalization refers to process of generalizing based on similarity |
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when it occurs again and again
(used for external validity) |
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| naturalistic generalization |
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| refers to process of generalizing based on similarity |
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| you want to generalize from a set of research findings to other people, settings, and times. |
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