Term
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Definition
| Understanding and improving how students acquire capabilities through formal instruction in classroom settings |
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Term
| Factors Influencing Education |
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Definition
Characteristics of student (physical, social, emotional, cognitive)
Characteristics of teacher
Learning tasks
Setting |
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Term
| Limitation of casual observation |
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Definition
Misleading or false conclusions
Over generalization
Omitted variable bias (forget to take something into account)
Focus on evidence that fits expectations |
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Term
| Features of scientific procedures |
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Definition
Sampling--use random assignment
Control groups
Objectivity--blind experiments
Publication peer review
Replication
*can be strengths and limitations |
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Term
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Definition
ABC Project of 1970s
Children from low-income families assigned to early intervention or control
From infancy to age 5
Each child individualized prescription of intervention based on strengths and weaknesses, emphasis on language
Followed up at 12, 15, 21 years
Showed benefit to early education programs
At age 21, did cost analysis, savings relative to other outcomes outweighed expense of programs |
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Term
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Definition
Often focuses on 1-2 dimensions
Usually not conducted in natural settings
Requires tradeoff between generalizability and causality |
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Term
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Definition
Influenced by beliefs, values, emotions, and formal knowledge
Requires flexibility |
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Term
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Definition
Informs formal knowledge
Underlying teaching skills and techniques
Wide information on which may benefit from a given practice in a given context |
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Term
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Definition
| Thoughtful observation and analysis of their own actions in classroom before, during, after interactions with students |
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Term
| Introspective Orientation |
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Definition
Question theory and practice
Take responsibility for decisions
View situation from multiple perspectives
Able to find info that allows alternative explanation |
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Term
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Definition
Brain tied to everything students and educators do in schools
--Use strategies based on principles derived from understanding of the brain (have scientific basis for which strategy to use)
--Effects of stress, exercise, nutrition, social cognition, attention, classroom discipline, attendance, and memory |
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Term
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Definition
Danger in labeling children
Skills tested using brain science technologies sometimes not related to skills in context
Prior sorting necessary to imply causation (ex: must divide dyslexics and non-dyslexics) |
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Term
| Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development |
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Definition
Lifespan development of identity
Individuals play active role in development (must understand, organize, integrate everyday experiences)
Primacy of culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Personality forms as ego progresses through series of interrelated stages (critical periods) |
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Term
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Definition
Mechanisms to develop identity
Conflict and resolution--adjustment between guidelines and expectations and personal ability to live up to these
Result in both positive and negative qualities (obviously want positive to outweigh negative) |
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Term
| List of Stages of Psychosocial Development |
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Definition
Trust v. Mistrust
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt
Focus on[Initiative v. Guilt
Industry v. Inferiority
Identity v. Role Confusion]
Intimacy v. Isolation
Generativity v. Stagnation
Integrity v. Despair |
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Term
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Definition
Birth-1 year
Need parental consistency and continuity
+ : safe and dependable
- : fear and suspicion |
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Term
| Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt |
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Definition
2-3 years (preschool)
Encourage to exert ability
+ : autonomy and independence
- : self-doubt |
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Term
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Definition
4-5 years (pre-k to K)
Freedom to explore
+ : planning and readiness
- : guilt |
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Term
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Definition
6-11 years (elementary-middle)
Encouraged to try new projects and persevere
+ : mastery and ability, pride
- : inferiority and lack of motivation |
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Term
| Identity v. Role Confusion |
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Definition
12-18 yrs (middle-high)
Integration of identity across contexts
+ : continuity in perception of self
- : role confusion |
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Term
| 4 Adolescent Identity Statuses |
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Definition
| Diffusion Foreclosure Moratorium Identity achievement |
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Term
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Definition
Just accept role, do not question
Weak commitment |
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Term
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Definition
| Unquestioningly endorse parents' goals and values |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Made own commitments
Come to understanding of role
Willing to accept multiple perspectives |
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Term
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Definition
Young adult
Establishment of close relationships
+ : intimacy and commitment
- : isolation, loneliness |
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Term
| Generativity v. Stagnation |
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Definition
Middle age
Establishing and guiding next generation
+ : promote development of younger generation
- : self-absorption |
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Term
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Definition
Old Age
+ : accept life-cycle
- : fear life too short |
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Term
| Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
Humans 2 basic tendencies: organization and adaptation
Peer interaction drives learning
Instruction can refine basic schemes that child already has (should create conflicts so students can engage) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to systematize toward coherent, logically, interrelated, general systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Organized pattern of behavior or thought |
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Term
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Definition
Tendency to adjust to environment
--Assimilation--interpret experience to fit scheme
--Accommodation--change scheme to incorporate experience |
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Term
| List of Stages of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational |
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Term
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Definition
0-2
Develop schemes around senses and motor activity
Object permanence: 4-8 months
Increasing ability to think in symbols |
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Term
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Definition
2-7
Mastery of symbols, but limited use
Perceptual centration (focus on 1 dimension)
Not capable of operations
Not able to mentally reverse actions
Egocentrism |
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Term
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Definition
7-11
Capable of operations
Problem solves by generalizing from concrete experiences
Not able to mentally manipulate conditions unless experienced |
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Term
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Definition
11+
Abstractions, generalize
Hypotheses formation
Mental manipulations
Solve problems systematically |
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Term
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Definition
Underestimates children's abilities
Overestimates adolescents' capabilities
Vague explanations for cognitive growth--does not explain mechanisms for cognitive development
Cross-cultural application? universal sequence of stages but rate of development varies among cultures |
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Term
| Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
Sociocultural Theory--cognition function of social and culture force/values
Psychological Tools--cognitive devices and procedure used to communicate and explore world |
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Term
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Definition
Facts, concepts, and rules that learn as byproduct of social interactions with parents and play activity
Unsystematic, unconscious, concrete experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| Use observable characteristics to form general concepts |
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Term
| Scientific Concepts/Theoretical Learning |
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Definition
Part of later development
Formal interactions with teachers
Conscious, systematic, purposeful manipulation of environment
Byproduct of explicit and clear verbal definitions and instruction that stimulates and guide cognitive development |
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Term
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Definition
| Instruction gives you psychological tools which helps you internalize and generalize information which allows you to independently apply and extend knowledge |
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Term
| Social Interactions according to Vygotsky |
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Definition
Social interaction critical for cognitive development
Children make gains from interactions with more intellectually advanced
Process of mediation--more knowledgeable--> interprets child behavior-->helps to transform shared symbolic representation |
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Term
| Zone of Proximal Development |
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Definition
Space between child's ability and ability with assistance
Aim instruction slightly ahead of child's knowledge and ability |
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Term
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Definition
Assistance with questions just beyond skill level
Learning aids slowly faded/removed |
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Term
| Pre-K & K--Physical Characteristics |
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Definition
3-5 years
Burst of activity
Need rest
Large muscle groups/gross motor skills
Hand-eye coordination poor |
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Term
| Pre-K & K--Social Characteristics |
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Definition
Socially flexible
Different play behavior by class/gender
Same sex play
Awareness of gender roles/gender typing |
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Term
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Definition
| Engage with one another but disorganized |
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Term
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Definition
| Organized play with leadership roles and cooperation |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple repetitive muscle use, with or without objects |
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Term
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Definition
| object manipulation to construct/create |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pre-K & K--Emotional characteristics |
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Definition
Free emotional expression
Jealousy |
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Term
| Pre-K & K--Cognitive characteristics |
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Definition
Theory of midn
Good talker but poor listeners
Poor self-assessment of competence
Develop competence |
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Term
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Definition
Awareness of own thoughts
Differentiates between thoughts and experiences
Ability to recognize false thoughts and to predict thoughts of others |
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Term
| Primary Grades--Physical Characteristics |
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Definition
6-8 years
Nervous energy
Rest periods
Large-muscle control
Poor focus on small point
Extreme physical activity |
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Term
| Primary Grades--Social characteristics |
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Definition
Friendship selectivity (best friend)
Organized games--like rules
Frequent disagreements |
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Term
| Primary Grades--Emotional characteristics |
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Definition
Sensitive to criticism
Eager to please
Sensitive to feelings of others |
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Term
| Primary Grades--cognitive characteristics |
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Definition
Aware of different ways of knowing
Understand learning and recall can be controlled
Inefficient learning
Private speech |
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Term
| Elementary Grades--Physical characteristics |
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Definition
9-10 years
Leaner and stronger
Obesity
Gender differences in motor skills |
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Term
| Elementary grades--Social characteristics |
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Definition
Power of peer groups for recognition
Friendship selectivity (best friend) |
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Term
| Elementary grades--Emotional characteristics |
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Definition
Development of self image
-Self-description; self-esteem; self-concept
-Comparison with others |
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Term
| Elementary grades--Cognitive characteristics |
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Definition
Logical/tangible thought
Outperform on simple memory tasks |
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Term
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Definition
11-13
Rapid and uneven growth
Concern and curiosity about sex |
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Term
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Definition
Interpersonal reasoning--understanding of others
Desire to conform |
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Term
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Definition
Problems of adolescence have earlier antecedents
Self-conscious and self-centered |
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Term
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Definition
No freedom to make decisions
Increase in competition and comparison
Busy work and rote learning
Limited closeness with teachers
Focus on performance
Self-efficacy --> persistence |
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Term
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Definition
14-17
Physical maturity
Sexual activity |
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Term
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Definition
Parents influence long-term; peers influence short-term
Girls more anxiety over friendships
Jobs |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychiatric disorders: depression most common |
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Term
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Definition
Capable of formal thought
Political thought |
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Term
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Definition
g: general factor
s: specific factor
-Can't be measured directly so must test scholastic aptitude
-Not permanent |
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Term
| Weschler's Global Capacity |
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Definition
| Capacity to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with environment |
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Term
| Sternberg's Triarchic Theory |
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Definition
Pratical Ability
Creative ability
Analytical ability |
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Term
| Gardner's Multiple Intelligences |
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Definition
Logical-mathematical
Linguistic
Musical
Spatial
Bodily-kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalist |
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