Yin-Yang

Administrative (stability):   Environmental, facilitate, group achievement

Teacher (divergent):  Transformational, individual achievment.

Center line is the conflict.

Leadership is a process whereby an individual influecs a group of individuals to achieve a common goal.

Leader can't control--Must influence.

Machiavelli (do what's best for the most people)

"Great Man Theory"  George Washington (elected because of height)

Stogdill--No set of leadership traits.

Kirk and Locke--Characteristics

Stogdill (1947)

Intelligence

Alertness

Insight

Responsibility

Persistence

Initiative

Self-Confidence

Socialbility

Drive

Motivation

Integrity

Confidence

Cognitive ability

Task Knowledge

Extroversion

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

Emotional Stability

Openness to Experience

Kirkpatrick and Locke--Drive, Leadership Motivation, Integrity, Self-Confidence, Emotional Stability, Cognitive Ability, Knowledge of the business

Core of a leader is to create a vision--A concept of what the organization SHOULD be.

Average human has a dislike of work

Most people must be coerced with punishment to achieve objectives

Average person prefers to be directed

Punishments and rewards

People exerceise self direction and self-control to things in which they are committed.

Average person seeks responsibility.

People are genuinley creative, imaginative and posess ingenuity.

More empowering to workers

Build and strengthen employee commitments to the organizations norms and goals.

High ethical and moral conduct, consider needs of employees over own, share risks with employees in goal setting, use power only when necessary (never for personal gain.

charismatic/inspirational--Vision focused

Based on incentives, recognition, and work promotions to persuade followers to strive for goals that are important to organization

Use power to gain employee compliance

Looks for deviations from the rules.

Works well in times of calm and times of crisis

Ability to punish subordinates for failure to copmly

Leads to feelings of fear, frustration, alienation and disdain.

Influences subordinates when the blieve the leader has expertiese of knowledge that is of a real benefit

Comes from education, experience, and training and tends to be very important

Authoritarian:  Leaders took full responsibility, high structure, seek no participation from subordinates (highest productivity)

Democratic:  Encourage group to be involved in decision making, ideas are expressed openly.

Laissez-Faire:  Subordinates have complete decision making, essential no leadership, lowest productivity/most aggressive

Seperate leadership Dimensions:

1.  Consideration:  The extent to which the leader is likely to have job relationships (friendship, warmth, and consideration)

2.  Initiating Structure:  Extent to which the leader is likely to structure his or her role in goal achievment.

Task Behavior --One way communication by outlining what each worker has to do--no room for feedback

Relationship Behavior--two way communication  workers have much opportunity for feedback, leader is able to offer support

Structural--  Emphasiezes specialized roles and fomal relationships

Human Resource--Considers the need of the individual above all else

Political--Focuses on bargaining, negotiating, coercion, and compromise ro accomplish goals

Symbolic--Leaders adapt their behavior to best fit a situation

Structuring--Effective when followers are low in motivation and ability

Coaching--Effective when followers are low in ability but high in motivation (direct instructions and maintains concern for the follower)

Supporting--Effective when lacking motivation but have ability (high concern for relationships

Delegating--Best for high ability/and motivation--leader just moniters performance

Four styles of behavior leaderhip:

Concern for task, concern for people, directive leadership (giving orders), and participate leaderhip

Three things important:  relationship between leader and followers, structure of the task, and position power (power of the leader to get job done)

Inspirational leaders share four unexpected qualities:

1.  Selectively show weakness

2.  Rely heavily on intuition to guage the appropriate timing and course of actions

3.  Manage employees with something called tough empathy

4.  Reveal their differences (irritable on monday mornings, shy, disorganized)

Importance of Situainal factors on task accomplishments and psychologcal state of follwers and processes

Leader behavior is shaped and constrained by situational factors. 

L-Leader Behvaior (directive, participative, supportive, achievement oriented

O-Outcomes (performance/Satisfaction

S-Subordinate Contingency Factors (experience, perceived ability)

E-Environmental Contingency Factors (Task structure, work group)

Clearing a path to your group's goals

Technical Competencies: knowldge of both group processes and school community's social and educaitonal values.

Human Resource Competencies: Great emphasis on interpersonal skills

Political Competencies:   manage the inevitable competition for resources

Architectural Competencies:  skills necessary for framing the roles and relationships of those working within the organization

Concerns itself with the understaind that all parts of the organization are interrelated and affect each other. 

Focus is on the whole, parts, and the relationship among the parts

All parts of the system are interdependent and subject to influence any other part.

Cornerstone of a learning organization.  The descipline or continually clarifying and deepening our personal vision of focusing on our energies of developing patience and seeing reality objectively.

I can control myself and influence others

Deeply ingrained assumptions generalizations, or even pictures or images that influces how we understand the world.

In any new experience, most poeple only take in and remember the information that reinforces their existing models

sharing an image of the future you want to realize together

Catalying peoples aspirations through time, care, and strategy.

spend time in hallways with teachers and students. 

Have a commitment to be with people , and the belief that the classroom and the teachers and students are the source of diagnostic information and solutions to problems.

McClelland's 3 Needs

Achievement-- Personal responsibility, feedback moderate risk

Power--Influence, competitive

Affiliation--Acceptance and friendship, cooperative

Specific goals increase performance, and difficult goals, when accpeted, result in higher performance that easy goals.

Goal too low--no challenge

Goal too high--no reason to continue, it can't be accomplished

Self-Actualization(achieveing ones full potential)

Esteem Needs (prestige and feelings of accomplishment)

Love Needs (Intimate relationships, friends)

Safety Needs (Security, safety)

Physiological needs (food, water, warmth, rest)

If most basic need is not met, individual will not be motivated by those further up.

 Existence--Food, drink, shelter, and safety.  (in a job these are salary, job security, and working conditions)

Relatedness--includes all interpersonal relationships

Growth--Represents the intrinsic desires individuals have to maximize their potential to be fulfilled and contentment in an environment

1:  Maslow believes a lower level must be satisfied before moving onto the rest, Alderfer believes they can occur simultaneously

2:  Maslow states that a satisfied need ceases to be motivating.  Alderfer maintins that as individuals become frustrated at not being able to satisfy higher needs, they may regress to lower needs that have already been satisfied

Also known as two-factor or dual-factor theory. 

Factors that motivate people and lead to job satisfaction (motivation factors), and those that lead to job dissatisfaction (hygiene factors)

Incclude working conditions, salary, interpersonal relationships, supervision, and company policy.

All professional staff development should:

McClelland suggests were motivated by 3 needs. What are they?

Felt:  Actual Feelings

Displayed:  Required by organization for job

Emotional Labor:  Expressing organizationlly desired emotions during interpersonal transactions.

Observing your thoughts and feelings

Witnessing yourself from a neutral perspective

Being aware of what you are doing by noticing the sensations, emotions, or thoughts you experience

Using self-control by showing restraing and delaying gratification

Inspiring your own motivation

Not blaming others for personal difficulties

Adaptable and flexible

Compassionate and Empathetic

Good listener

Appreciation of diversity

People Skills

Leadership Qualities

THE THINGS YOU CAN GET BETTER AT!

Occurs when there are inconsistencies between 2 or more of a person's attitudes or between a person's behavior and attitudes

Stopping the behavior

Deciding the dissonant behavior is not important

Changing the attitude

Seeking out more constant elements to outweight the dissonant ones

Finding things that match up on both sides

There is no one best way

Everything is a judgement call

Do your homework--Know the background and context of a situation

Do I think internally or externally?  Where is the control?

What do you attribute blame to--dog eating trash, is it your fault for leaving the lid off (intrinsic) or the dog's fault for digging (extrinsic)

We assume others are internally controlled--assume the wrong things about people

EX:  all kids did poorly on the test because they were lazy--not looking at self (I wrote a bad test, didn't prepare them effectively)

If you want to change the culture, to what should you pay attention to?  

The hidden assumptions that shape how people think about their work, relate to their colleagues, definte their mission, ,and derive their sense of identity.

According to Malcom Gladwell, thin slicing is:

School Climate: 

According to Firore which of these is not an element of positive culture:  

the collective values, beliefs, morals, and behavior governing the actions taken by people assicaited with the school.

It's not what people do, but instead why they do it.

Reflects one facet of personality and self-image

Climate is the totality of our surroundings

Can be easily changed

o   Be visible to all stakeholders.

o   Communicate regularly and purposefully.

o   Never forget that principals are role models.

o   Be passionate about your work

o   Understand how responsible you are for the culture.

o   Keep yourself organized

o   Exhibit a positive outlook. 

o   Take pride in the physical appearance of your schools.

o   Empower other appropriately

o   Demonstrate stewardship.

·      The elements of a positive school culture are:

o   A bias toward action

o   Close to the customer

o   Autonomy and Entrepreneurship (risk taking)

o   Productivity through people (input from teachers)

o   Hands on, Value driven effort (Cultural values of employees)

o   Sticking to the Knitting (Know your parents and students, and know what they are able to deliver)

o   Simple form, lean staff (simply organizational structures

1.              The history of the school

2.              The values and beliefs of the school

3.              Myths and stories that explain the school

4.              The cultural norms of the school

5.              Traditions, rituals, and ceremonies characteristic of the school

6.              The heoes and heroins of the school

Types of school Cultures (Little shop of horrors culture)

constancy of purpose towards improvement

Adopt the new philosophy

Cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality

End the practice or awarding business ont he basis of a pricetag

Institute training on the job

Improve constantly and forever

Institute Leadership

Drive out Fear

Break down barriers between departments

Eliminate slogans, exhonorations and targets for the fwork force asking for zero defects

Eliminate work quaotas on the floor

Remove barriers that rob people of time and joy of work

Institute a program of education and self-improvement

Put everybody in the company to work to accomplish the transformation

Focuses on the culture of the entire organization and is concerned with the difference the organizational cutlure makes in the way the whole organization is managed

Success and failure is shared among employees and management

individual responsibility, consenual decision making, long-term employment, slow evaluation and promotion, explicit meausures of perfomance, commitment to all aspects of life, including family life.

Artifacts: The daily rituals, ceremonies, and icons that are most conspicuous to the causl observer

Values and Beliefs level--Form the basic organization character of the school.  Through shared beliefs and values, members of the faculty develop a sense of direction that guides daily routine

Underlying Assumptions Level:  Making assumptions

Approaches to leadership theory include:

personal traits,

patterns of behavior,

response to situations, and

Decision-making—also known as __________ theory