Term
Does Tracking Create Educational Inequality?
I. Define tracking |
|
Definition
a. Sequence of courses focused on an occupational Outcome
b. A combined method of ability grouping and curriculum differentiation |
|
|
Term
Does Tracking Create Educational Inequality?
II. What type of study did Oakes conduct? |
|
Definition
a. Studied at 38 schools across the US, & 300 classrooms
b. Decided to look at:
i. Knowledge and skills
ii. Learning activities
iii. Curriculum content
iv. Instructional quality
v. Classroom climate |
|
|
Term
Does Tracking Create Educational Inequality?
III. What were her findings? |
|
Definition
| a. found a disproportionate impact on poor children and students of color. |
|
|
Term
Does Tracking Create Educational Inequality?
IV. What beliefs underlie tracking? |
|
Definition
a. Students differ greatly in academic potential.
b. Separation is necessary to manage the difference.
c. Academic aptitude characteristics are stable and not generally alterable.
d. Classification can be accurately and easily accomplished What effect does tracking actually have?
e. Placement in low tracks is primarily determined by? |
|
|
Term
Does Tracking Create Educational Inequality?
V. The common and predictable “characteristics” of tracking |
|
Definition
a. Students’ intellectual performance is judged, and these judgments are the basis of group placements
b. Classroom are labeled in terms of the performance levels of the student, convey the degree of performance expected
c. The groups that are formed are not merely a collection of different but equally valued instructional groups. They form a hierarchy in schools. |
|
|
Term
Does Tracking Create Educational Inequality?
VI. Disproportionate impact |
|
Definition
| a. a disproportionate impact on poor children and students of color. These students are more likely to find themselves labeled as slow learners even when their achievement levels are strong. For reasons such as these, it is not surprising that tracking has acquired an "undemocratic" aura. |
|
|
Term
Does Tracking Create Educational Inequality?
VII. What impact does tracking have? |
|
Definition
a. Harmful to the learning process and contradictory to aims of education
b. Determined by race, class, and socioeconomic status, perpetuates inequality (p. 263)
c. lower tracks suffer from less access to knowledge, fewer opportunities to learn classroom climate is counterproductive (p. 267-269).
d. students who need more instruction, time, and attention are receiving less |
|
|
Term
Does Tracking Create Educational Inequality?
VIII. Classroom climate |
|
Definition
a. High tracking
i. Teachers are excited and enthusiastic
ii. Kids are being encouraged differently, different expectations
iii. Students get along better
b. Low tracking
i. Teachers aren’t excited
ii. Counter productive |
|
|
Term
Does Tracking Create Educational Inequality?
Access to knowledge |
|
Definition
a. High tracking
i. High status knowledge
b. Low Tracking
i. Low status knowledge |
|
|
Term
Does Tracking Create Educational Inequality?
X. Opportunities to learn |
|
Definition
a. High tracking
i. More time spent on academics
b. Low track
i. Fewer opportunities to learn
ii. Less time spent on learning |
|
|
Term
Evaluating No Child Left Behind
No Child Left Behind |
|
Definition
a. A need for national policy that enables schools to meet the intellectual demands of the twenty-first century.
b. Needed to Pay off the educational debt |
|
|
Term
Evaluating No Child Left Behind
Diversity Penalty |
|
Definition
a. When any one of the sub groups fails the school fails.
i. The more diverse your school is the more probability you have to fail.
b. Failure happens as states raise their proficiency levels to a national benchmark set far above grade level
c. Outcome
i. Schools are encouraged to get rid of the students |
|
|
Term
Evaluating No Child Left Behind
two way accountability |
|
Definition
| a. The child and the school are accountable to the state for test performance, but the state is not accountable to the school or the student to provide adequate resources |
|
|
Term
Evaluating No Child Left Behind
Dropout rates |
|
Definition
| Recent studies in Massachusetts, New York and Texas show how schools have raised test scores while "losing" large numbers of low-scoring students. |
|
|
Term
Evaluating No Child Left Behind
Funding |
|
Definition
The funding allocated by NCLB--less than 10 percent of most schools' budgets--does not meet the needs of the under-resourced schools, where many students currently struggle to learn.
The law does not require that states demonstrate progress toward equitable and adequate funding or greater opportunities to learn.
Same issue with “highly qualified teachers” |
|
|
Term
Evaluating No Child Left Behind
Accountability |
|
Definition
| This system requires testing every student in math, reading and, soon, science and issuing sanctions to schools that do not show sufficient progress for each subpopulation of students toward an abstract goal of "100 percent proficiency" on state tests--with benchmarks that vary from state to state. |
|
|
Term
Evaluating No Child Left Behind
Lawsuits |
|
Definition
One state and a national teachers association have brought lawsuits against the federal government based on the unfunded costs and dysfunctional side effects of the law.
School funding lawsuits brought in more than twenty-five states describe apartheid schools serving low-income students of color with crumbling facilities, overcrowded classrooms, out-of-date textbooks |
|
|
Term
Evaluating No Child Left Behind
Inequalities |
|
Definition
NCLB Shines a spotlight on longstanding inequalities
The law does not address the profound educational inequalities that plague our nation |
|
|
Term
Evaluating No Child Left Behind
How the US compares internationally |
|
Definition
Ranks 28th out of 40 Countries
Right above Latvia
Only 75percent graduation rate
Other Countries
-95% graduation rate
-Central and equitable funding
-Emphasis on early childhood funding
-Better prepared teachers
-Competitive salaries |
|
|
Term
Evaluating No Child Left Behind
‘Marshall Plan for Teaching’ |
|
Definition
a. Recruits new teachers using service scholarships that underwrite their preparation for high-need fields and locations and adds incentives for expert veteran teachers
b. Strengthens teacher’s preparation through support for professional development schools, like teaching hospitals
c. Improves teachers retention and effectiveness by insuring that novices have mentoring support during their early years, when 30 percent of them drop out. |
|
|
Term
Evaluating No Child Left Behind
Linda Darling-Hammond’s suggestions for school reform |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
Describe the role of standards, testing, educational equity, & school reform |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
A Nation at Risk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
Describe the educational reform agenda and legacy of the Reagan years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
Describe the reform agenda, post Ronald Reagan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
School choice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
The voucher movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
Privatization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
Charter schools |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
Sputnik |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
NAEP (National Assessment of Educational Progress) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
America 2000: An Education Strategy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
Goals 2000: Educate America Act |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
Head Start |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
Cultural literacy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
Alternative School Management Options |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
Site-based management |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
Drugs and violence –Zero tolerance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
The “manufactured crisis” – David Berliner |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From Equity to Excellence
Teacher Education/Fast Track Programs |
|
Definition
|
|
