Term
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Definition
| when a compound has an uneven distribution of charges produces two opposite charged regions |
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Definition
| compound made up of a single sugar molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| compound made up of two sugar molecules, linked by a glycosidic bond |
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Term
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Definition
| compound made up of more than two sugar molecules, linked by glycosidic bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| an example of a polysaccharide used to store energy in animal cells, it has 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds and is very branched |
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Term
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Definition
| an example of a polysaccharide used to store energy in plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
| coiled, unbranched and compact starch molecule with 1,4 glycosidic bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| branched starch molecule with 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| disaccharide; glucose and fructose |
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Term
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Definition
| disaccharide; glucose and galactose |
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Term
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Definition
| disaccharide; 2 glucose molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| lipid; glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids with ester bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| biomolecule containing CHO e.g. triglyceride, cholesterol, phospholipid |
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Term
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Definition
| biomolecule containing CHO e.g. alpha glucose, starch |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of bond e.g. glycosidic, peptide, ester, phosphodiester - linking two -OH groups and producing water |
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Term
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Definition
| breaking of bond e.g. glycosidic, peptide, ester using water |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| long chain molecule with carboxylic acid functional group |
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Term
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Definition
| containing fatty acids with no double bonds, likely to be solid at normal temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
| containing fatty acids with no bonds, likely to be liquid at normal temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular pump, 4 chambers, two sides separated by septum |
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Term
| closed circulation system |
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Definition
| blood travels through vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| transport medium is moved by pressure differences to quickly deliver substances (compared to diffusion) e.g. circulation and breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| movement from region of higher to a region of lower concentration by random movement of molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| contraction of atria, blood pushed to fill ventricles, AV valves pushed open |
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Term
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Definition
| contraction of ventricles, blood pushed out of arteries, AV valves pushed shut, SL valves pushed open |
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Term
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Definition
| relaxation of heart muscle, AV valves open, SL valves pushed shut by arterial pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| lung circulation separate from body circulation; delivers highly oxygenated blood to organs at an appropriate pressure / speed |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest vessel, delivers dissolved substances e.g. oxygen and glucose; flattened, single endothelium layer; short diffusion distance; pores between cells; tissue fluid passes through further reducing diffusion distance; numerous; close to cells |
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Term
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Definition
| return to heart; lower pressure; valves to prevent backflow; blood moved by squashing action of skeleton muscles; large lumen; thinner wall has less muscle and elastic tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| from heart to organs; small lumen; smooth endothelium layer; middle layer has a lot of elastic and smooth muscle to maintain blood pressure and regulate flow |
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Term
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Definition
| water flea; used in investigating effect of caffeine on heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| consideration of if it is right to use animals in investigation |
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Term
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Definition
| reduce blood loss after damage; can be triggered by damage due to risk factors of heart disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a blood clot that moves from its site of formation to restrict blood flow in a different organ |
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Term
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Definition
| clot triggering chemical in tissues and platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| inactive intermediate compound in clotting, converted to active thrombin |
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Term
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Definition
| soluble fibrous protein modified by thrombin to produce insoluble fibrin which causes clot |
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Term
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Definition
| cell fragments involved in triggering blood clots |
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Term
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Definition
| fatty material building up in artery wall, can trigger clots and restrict blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cell response to damage, triggers repair mechanisms, activates phagocytic white blood cells |
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Definition
| fatty / calcium rich material inside artery lining, can restrict blood flow and reduce elasticity as well as being a weaker area that is more likely to rupture |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure produced by ventricular systole and then by resistance to flow through the blood system |
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Term
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Definition
| higher pressure when the ventricles contract |
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Term
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Definition
| lower blood pressure when heart is relaxes |
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Term
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Definition
| cardio-vascular disease e.g. high BP, heart attack, angina, thrombosis |
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Term
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Definition
| factor that raises of CVD |
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Term
| example of CVD risk factor |
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Definition
| genetic, age, gender, high BP, smoking, high fat diet, high salt diet, inactivity |
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Term
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Definition
| association between two factors - one changes, the other also changes |
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Term
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Definition
| a biological process that explains a correlation |
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Definition
| drug that reduces blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces blood pressure by increasing fluid lost in urine |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces blood pressure by reducing force and frequency of heart contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces blood pressure by blocking production of angiotensin that triggers constriction of arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces risk of clot formation e.g. warfarin |
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Term
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Definition
| makes platelets less sticky e.g. aspirin |
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Term
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Definition
| harmful effect of a medical drug e.g. dizziness with ace inhibitors |
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Term
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Definition
| reduce cholesterol level in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| low density lipoprotein, carry lipids to tissues, attach to receptors on cells and are then absorbed, can be absorbed into artery endothelium |
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Term
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Definition
| high density lipoprotein, carry lipids from tissues to liver for disposal |
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Term
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Definition
| dietary e.g. vitamins ACE or made by body cells to donate electron and hydrogen atom to reduce radicals stopping their damage |
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Term
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Definition
| reactive substance from environment or made as a by product of metabolism, oxidise biomolecules causing damage |
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Term
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Definition
| an example of an antioxidant |
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Term
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Definition
| energy intake in diet and energy use in metabolism, imbalance can lead to weight loss or weight gain |
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Term
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Definition
| BMI greater than 30, an unhealthy proportion of fat stored in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| used to test hypotheses about risk factors, produce correlations that can be further investigated looking for causal mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
| sample size, sample selection, valid measurements, valid time for symptoms to develop |
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Term
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Definition
| study comparing two groups |
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Term
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Definition
| single group is followed over a long time period with regular testing |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to use information to assess level of risk compared to the actual risk, underestimated if long time period and little experience, overestimated due to media coverage, peer pressure and personal experience |
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Term
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Definition
| correctly linked to the idea being tested and unlikely to be affected by other factors |
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Term
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Definition
| produces consistent results when repeated |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| other studies give the same conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| a measurement method produces consistent values and is able to discriminate between small differences |
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Term
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Definition
| a measurement is close to the actual (true) value |
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Term
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Definition
| an idea that can be tested |
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Term
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Definition
| constant to prevent it affecting the outcome and invalidating the conclusions |
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Term
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Definition
| varied to investigate its effect and test the hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| measures the effect of varying the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| used for comparison, used to validate the strategy used to test the hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| model of membrane structure based on experimental observations |
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Term
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Definition
| selective layer surrounding cell |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of free water through cell membranes from a region of higher free water concentration (lower solute concentration) to a region of lower free water concentration (higher solute concentration) through a partially permeable membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| transport through cell membrane that does not involve ATP / energy e.g. diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
| transport through cell membrane that involves ATP / energy and is not affected by concentration gradients, normally involves the change of shape in a transport protein |
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Term
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Definition
| passive transport of a substance through a specific transport protein, usually involves change of shape of the protein |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of large molecules into cells by the formation of vesicles made of the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of large molecules out of cells by the formation of vesicles made of membrane e.g. export of enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion of substances through the cell membrane without a transport protein by very small or lipid soluble molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid lipid bilayer, mobile intrinsic and extrinsic proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a gas exchange surface |
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Term
| properties of gas exchange surfaces |
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Definition
| large surface area to volume ratio, thin surface, concentration difference |
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Term
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Definition
| active movement of a respiratory medium (e.g. air, water) to and from the gas exchange surface |
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Term
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Definition
| gas exchange surface in lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| thin, flattened cells reducing diffusion distance e.g. capillary, lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| monomer of polypeptides / proteins, carboxyl group, amine group, R group, 20 types in most living things |
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Term
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Definition
| polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, contains CHON and sometimes S |
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Term
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Definition
| bond between two amino acids, carboxyl end of one, amine end of the other, releases water |
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Term
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Definition
| the order of amino acids in a protein / polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| the folding and pleating of a polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonds between R groups of adjacent amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| the further folding of a polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonds and other bonds (disulphide, ionic), chiefly between R groups of adjacent amino acids, three dimensional structure that provides protein functions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| energy required for bonds to break and new bonds to form in a chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces activation energy by providing an alternative reaction pathway using its surface |
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Term
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Definition
| rate of enzyme catalysed reaction before rate becomes limited e.g. by substrate concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| three dimensional structure on enzyme, site of chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| model describing the action of an enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| the change to active site shape that occurs when the enzyme substrate complex forms |
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Term
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Definition
| substrate (reactant) combined with active site of enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| change to active site caused by effect of temperature or pH on protein's tertiary structure |
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Term
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Definition
| factor that affects the rate of a chemical reaction when other factors are high enough not to affect the rate |
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Term
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Definition
| monomer of nucleic acids e.g. DNA, RNA; 5 carbon sugar + base + phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| polymer of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| double stranded, coiled, polynucleotide made of monomers where the sugar is deoxyribose and the bases are A,T,C and G |
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Term
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Definition
| single stranded, polynucleotide made of monomers where the sugar is ribose and the bases are A,U,C and G |
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Term
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Definition
| process where DNA is copied |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme catalysing formation of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme catalysing formation of mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| copy of genetic code of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| transports specific amino acids and positions it so that peptide bonds form in the ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| protein manufacturing organelle in cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| copying of genetic code in nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of polypeptide in the cytoplasm using the mRNA copy on ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 DNA bases coding for a single amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 mRNA bases coding for a single amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 tRNA bases complementary to mRNA codon |
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Term
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Definition
| sequences of 3 bases that code for each of the 20 amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogenous base in RNA and DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogenous base in RNA and DNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogenous base in RNA and DNA |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| compound of phosphorus and oxygen in ATP, phospholipid, DNA, RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| pair of bases with shape allowing H bonds to hold them together (A-T, C-G, A-U) |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA strand used to form mRNA, code for amino acids in a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of bases on a DNA molecule coding for the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| position of a specific gene on a specific chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| error in DNA replication that alters the primary structure of a protein |
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Definition
| recessive genetic disorder affecting lungs, digestive system and reproductive system |
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Term
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Definition
| alternative version of a gene |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| feature produced by the expression of an organism's genotype |
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Definition
| only expressed if both genes are this allele |
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Term
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Definition
| expressed even when only one of the two genes are this allele |
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Term
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Definition
| both alleles of a gene are the same (AA, aa) |
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Term
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Definition
| the 2 alleles of a gene are different (Aa) |
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Definition
| inheritance of a feature controlled by 1 gene |
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Definition
| protein controlling transport of chloride ions in epithelium cells and regulating the consistency of mucus |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of a functioning version of a gene into an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| method of transfer of genes into the nucleus of cells e.g. virus, liposome |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary treatment by inserting functioning alleles into body cells to relieve symptoms |
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Definition
| treatment by inserting functioning alleles into embryo cells which then copy the genes to treat the condition |
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Term
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Definition
| used to identify if parents could carry a recessive allele for a disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| collecting sample from foetus in the womb for e.g. gene test |
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Term
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Definition
| preimplantation genetic diagnosis, collecting sample from early embryo after IVF to allow implantation of healthy embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| method to identify individuals with a genetic disorder |
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Definition
| technique to take sample of cells from a foetus |
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Term
| chorionic villus sampling |
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Definition
| technique to take sample of cells from a foetus |
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Definition
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