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| Teachers' sense of efficacy |
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Definition
| A teacher's belief that he or she can reach even difficult students to help them learn |
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| Thoughtful and inventive; Reflective teachers think back over situations to analyze what they did and why, and to consider how they might improve learning for their students. |
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| Differentiated Instruction |
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| Teaching that takes into account students' abilities, prior knowledge, and challenges so that instruction matches not only the subject being taught but also students' needs. |
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| The discipline concerned with teaching and learning processes; applies the methods and theories of psychology and has its own as well. |
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| Studies that collect detailed information about specific situations, often using observation, surveys, interviews, recordings, or a combination of these methods. |
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| a descriptive approach to research that focuses on life within a group and tries to understand the meaning of events to the people involved. |
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| A method for conducting descriptive research in which the researcher becomes a participant in the situation in order to better understand life in that group. |
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| Intensive study of one person or one situation |
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| statistical descriptions of how closely two variables are related. |
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| a relationship between two variables in which the two increase or decrease together. Example: calorie intake and weight gain |
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| a relationship between two variables in which a high value one on is associated with a low value on the other. Example: height and distance from top of head to the ceiling. |
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| research method in which variables are manipulated and the effects recorded |
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| people or animals studied |
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| Without any definite pattern; following no rule |
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| Quasi-experimental studies |
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Definition
| Studies that fit most of the criteria for true experiments, with the important exception that the participants are not assigned to groups t random. Instead, existing groups such as classes or schools participate in the experiments. |
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| Statistically significant |
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Definition
| Not likely to be a chance occurrance |
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| Single-subject experimental studies |
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Definition
| Systematic interventions to study effects with one person. often by applying and then withdrawing a treatment |
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| Detailed observation and analysis of changes in a cognitive process as the process unfolds over a several-day or several-week period of time |
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| Systematic observations or tests of methods conducted by teachers or schools to improve teaching and learning for their students |
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| Evidenced-based practice in psychology (EBPP) |
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Definition
| Practices that integrate the best available research with the insights of expert practitioners and knowledge of the characteristics, culture, and preferences of the client |
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| established relationship between factors |
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| integrated statement of principles that attempts to explain a phenomenon and make predictions |
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| A prediction of what will happen in a research study based on theory and previous research |
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| Based on systematic collected data |
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| Orderly, adaptive changes we go through between conception and death and remain for a reasonably long period of time |
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| changes in body structure and function over time |
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| changes in personality that take place as one grows |
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| changes over time in the ways we relate to others |
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| gradual orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated |
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| genetically programmed, naturally occurring changes over time |
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| joint actions of individual biology and the environment - each shapes and influences the other |
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Definition
| times when a person is especially ready for or responsive to certain experiences |
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Term
| Functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
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Definition
| An MRI is an imaging technique that uses a magnetic field along with radio waves and a computer to create detailed pictures of the inside of the body. A functional MRI used the MRI to measure the tiny changes that take place in the brain during brain activity. |
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Term
| Event-related potential (ERP) |
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Definition
| measurements that assess electrical activity of the brain through the skull or scalp |
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| Positron emission tomography (PET) |
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Definition
| a method of localizing and measuring brain activity using computer-assisted motion pictures of the brain |
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Definition
| Nerve cells that store and transfer information |
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Definition
| the production of new neurons |
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| the tiny space between neurons - chemical messages are sent across these gaps |
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| the white matter of the brain. These cells greatly outnumber neurons and appear to have many functions such as fighting infections, controlling blood flow and communication among neurons, and providing the myelin coating around axon fibers |
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| the process by which neural fibers are coated with a fatty sheath called myelin that makes message transfer more efficient |
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| the specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain cortex |
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| the brain's tendency to remain somewhat adaptable or flexible |
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| ongoing process or arranging information and experiences into mental systems or categories |
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| adjustment to the environment |
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| mental systems or categories of perception and experience |
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| fitting new information info existing schemes |
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| altering existing schemes or creating new ones in response to new information |
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| search for mental balance between cognitive schemes and information from the environment |
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| In Piaget's theory, the "out of balance" state that occurs when a person realizes that his or her current ways of thinking are not working to solve a problem or understand a situation |
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| Involving the senses and motor activity |
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| the understanding that objects have a separate, permanent existence. |
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