1)pools-reservoirs, living matter, dead org. matter inorganic matter

2)processes-flow,flux transformation rates

major pool: living organisms and detritus

CH4 and CO2

-photosynthesis and respiration

proteins, nucleic acids

major pools: living organisms and detritus

NH4, NH2OH, NO3, NO2, N2O

NH3---> NO2 or NO3

by bacteria or fungi unusuable to usable

assimilatory nitrate reduction

NO2/NO3--->NH3---->Organic

random-independent from others

uniform-even

clumped- most common

1 female and 1 male

common in birds and rare among mammals

2 or more mates

one is freed from parental duties

1 female with 2 or more males

exception, not the rule

male to male competition

resource based selection

mostly female choice

based on phenotypic characteristics

sexual reproduction

(benefits and costs)

benefits-genetic variability

-increased probabilty of survivorship

costs- parents only contribute one half of genes

-specialized organs required

-expense not equally shared

asexual reproduction (costs and benefits)

benefits- offspring adapted to current conditions

-potential for high population growth

cost- low genetic variability

-unable to adapt to change

-small adults

-generalist niche

-produce large number of young

-early reproductive age

-high growth rate

ex. cockroach

-fewer, larger offspring

-high parental care

-later reproductive age

-close to carrying capacity

ex. elephant

ruderal plants

a type of community with:

-relatively consistent species composition

-uniform general appearance

-distribution that is characteristic of a particular habitat

super-organism

-each species is a component of the whole

organisms independent of each other

-co-occurence

aggressive competition

interferes with another's access

like scramble

-reduction of shared resources

competitive exclusion

1) species 1 beats species 2

2)species 2 beat species 1

co-existence

3) unstable equilibrium

4)stable equilibrium- both live at lower levels

# of prey is linear

-prey mortality is not density dependent

- predators feeding time is spent searching food

-consumption rate increases in a decelerating fashion up to a max rate at high prey density

-declining prey mortality

-predator time spent handling and feeding

-consumption rate is low at first increases in sigmoid fashion as rate reaches max

-prey mortality increases with prey density

warning colors

mimicry

-smaller than the host

-rarely kills

-promote balance

both species benefit

ex. lichens

ability to do work

potential-stored

kinetic-motion

-catalyst of organisms

-speed up rxns

-unchanged

-specific

transforms light energy ---->chemical energy

CO2 is reduced

-spontaneous

- -G

-free energy of reactants is higher

-non spontaneous

- +G

-free energy of products is lower

light harvesting complexes

P680 (PII)

P700 (PI)

light dependent reactions

light energy---->ATP and NADPH

O2 as byproduct from splitting of water

light independent reactions

Calvin cyle

ATP and NADPH used to fix and reduce CO2 to sugar

-carbon fixation, carbon reduction and carbon regeneration

CO2 is low and O2 is high

ribulose bisphosphate also catalyzes C2

pepcarboxylase doesn't interact with O2- more efficient

-spatial separation-fix carbon into 4 carbon acids in mesophyll

-calvin cycle in bundle sheath cells

temporal separation

-open stomata at night

-fix pep carboxylase into malic acid at night

-carbon assimilation- during day

live on high cellulose diets and low protein

-depend on fermenters

foregut fermenters-regurgitate food before it passes to omasum

ex. deer and cattle

house microbes in caecum

coprophagy-further extraction of nutrients

ex. rabbits and horses

oxidation of glucose----->2 pyruvate

energy investment phase= -2 ATP

energy payoff phase= +4 ATP

-produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH

- in cytosol

further oxidation starting with acetyl CoA

substrate level phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation

chemiosmosis

most ATP production- about 32-34

Deciduous forest: 3-5

Coniferous forest: 2-4

Tropical Rain Forest:6-10

evaporation: loss of moisture

convection: heat transfer b/w fluids

conduction: heat transfer b/w 2 objects

thermal radiation: eemission of radiation

warm blooded

exhibit endothermy-heat from within

-use fur, feathers, body fat for insulation

evaporative cooling-sweating and panting

cold blooded

exhibit ectohermy-heat from environment

gain and lose heat easily

regulate by changing environments

measure of free energy of water

water moves from higher wp to lower wp

soil to roots to leaf to atm

sand textures

sand-.05-4 mm

silt-.002-.05mm

clay-.002mm

O-organic layer- dead leaves, undecomposed or partially decomposed plant materials

A-topsoil-largely mineral soil-zone of eluviation

B-subsoil-accumulation of clay and salts-zone of illuviation

C-unconsolidated material derived from original parent material

heavy leaching of nutrients

-occurs in humid environments

buildup of alkaline salts

occurs in drought

leaching of cations

occurs in cool moist climates

organic matter slowly decomposes

occurs with high rainfall

soil colors

organic-black

iron oxides-yellowish brown/red

manganese oxides-purple/black

quartz-whitish/grayish

amount of organic matter present

standing crop biomass

grouped descriptive data

nominal-unordered ex. hair color

ordinal-ordered ex. age groups

discrete data, numbers

-mutation

-gene flow

-genetic drift

-nonrandom mating

-natural selection

directional selection-shift to one extreme

stabilizing selection- happy medium

disruptive selection-shift to 2 extremes

near equator 0-10 degrees

warm, lots of rain

broadleaf evergreen plants

buttresses

amazon, se asia, west africa

seasonal rainfall

grass ground cover with scattered trees

fire adapted

only 12% of original left

aboveground-tillers

ground-thatch

belowground-roots

steppes, pampas, velds

located b/w 15 and 30 degrees

rain shadow

low rainfall

xeric broad leaf evergreen shrubs

mediterranean climate

sclerophyllous vegetation- reduce water loss

chapparal-west coast

senescence-autumn colors

lose leafs

temperate and boreal zone

needle leaf evergreen

firs and pines

largest conifer forest

largest vegetation area

Northern hemisphere

permafrost

moose and lynx

polar desert

permafrost

few species

polar bear, caribou, arctic fox

sphagnum, lichens

tectonic basins-depressions formed by movement of earth's crust

graben- down faulted depression

calderas- collapsed/exploded volcanoes

glacial basins

deltaic-isolated on deltas

classification of stream

headwater-1-3

medium stream-4-6

rivers-greater than 6

high SA to V ratio (shallow)

abundant nutrients

low DO in hypolimnion

low SA to V ratio (deep)

low in nutrients

high in DO

colder

they are fed on and do not feed

plant life

male and females mate with many

no pair bonds formed

scramble-resources shared

contest-dominant individuals win