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| biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism |
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| richest in organic material, more and more decomposed as you go down, very rich and brown, vulnerable to being washed away |
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| mixture of mineral material (silt, clay, sand) and the o horizon. sharp color difference, zone o mixing, earthworms mixing gravel and soil, turning carbon into co2 and leaving behind nitrogen and phosphorous |
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| clay, humus, and other material transported down from horizon a. different color, much higher mixture of minerals and inorganic matter; stuff leaching from above comes here |
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| deepest layer, weathered parent material from frost, water, and deep plant roots which breaks it into smaller particles; under this there is bedrock |
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| more water than earth; >71%. oceans = 97%, polar ice caps and glaciers = 2% and freshwater =<1%. |
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| aquatic environments plus the atmosphere; water turns over in these reservoirs through precipitation, evaporation and flow. cycle is powered by the sun which drives wind and evaporation. Turn over time occurs at different rates due to size and exchange rates; atmosphere= 9 days; rivers 12-20 days; lakes=days to centuries; oceans= 3100 years |
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| ocean structure horizontal |
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| horizontal:intertidal (littoral) zone is exposed by the tides; neritic zone extends to where the oceanic zone begins |
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Term
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Definition
epipelagic: -200 meters
mesopelagic: 200-1000 meters
bathypelagic: 1000-4000
abyssal: 4000-6000
hadal: 6000- |
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| extended perimeter of the coastal plain, relatively shallow seabed surrounding the coast (200 meters) |
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| region of rapid change in temperature between warm (top) and cold (bottom) layers of a body of water |
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| circulation systems that transport warm water to the poles |
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| amount of salt dissolved in water; dominated by NaCl; varies with latitude and location, varies from 35 to 36.5 g/L in open ocean |
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| algae and bacteria which obtain energy from photosynthesis; live in the photic zone |
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| stems of macroalga that extend the distance of the plant |
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| anchor the macroalga stipes |
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| these are bigger when the sun, moon, and earth are aligned during full and new moons |
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| tides smallest when sun and moon are working in opposition during the 1st and 3rd quarters of the moon |
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| variation from supratidal to lower intertidal zones with intertidal organisms being adapted to periodic exposure to air but some being more well adapted than others. |
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| last layer of vertical divisions in rivers and streams |
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| below the benthic zone; transition environment affected by surface water flow and groundwater |
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| region below hyporheic that is affected only by groundwater; totally saturated, just groundwater and no exchange between it and the river. |
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| interface between land and stream; often with plant communities called riparian vegetation |
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| classification of streams and rivers by where they occur in the drainage network |
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| amount of water carried by a stream or river; patterns depend on climate |
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| links river geomorphology to energy sources available for consumers and longitudinal changes in functional structure of communities; headwater= forrested environment; riparian veg: low light, low production; shredders; eat leaf litter; grazers feed on algae. |
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Definition
| beyond the littoral zone divided into three depths; epilimnion, metalimnion or thermocline, and hypolimnion |
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| well mixed lakes of low biological productivity and are nearly always well oxygenated |
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| lakes with high productivity that may be depleted of oxygen |
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| stratification of the epilimnion and hypolimnion into two separate bodies of water |
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| natural selection theory; there are chance variations among individuals in a species, more offspring are produced that can be supported by environment, some individuals because of their physical or behavioral traits have a higher chance of surviving than others, results in the adaptation of that population to the environment. |
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| characteristics pass from parent to offspring via genes; different forms of these are called alleles; each offspring has two alleles, one from each parent. |
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| change in a genetic structure of a population |
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| the environment acting on variation among individuals in a population results adaptation of the population to the environment |
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| process by which traits become more or less common in a population due to consistent effects upon the survival or reproduction of their bearers. It is a key mechanism of evolution. |
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| phenotypic variation among individuals in a population result from the combined effects of genes and environments |
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| common garden (transplant) experiment |
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| an experiment where one or more organisms are transplanted from one environment to another environment, often performed to test if there is a genetic component to differences in populations. |
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| fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selection. It is the living organism as a whole that contributes (or not) to the next generation, so natural selection affects the genetic structure of a population indirectly via the contribution of phenotypes. Without phenotypic variation, there would be no evolution by natural selection. |
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| individuals at extremes tend to not survive; unless environment changes, the middle is stabilized |
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| shift over many generations due to changing environment. one extreme may be better adapted so the favoritism shifts a direction |
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| opposite and stabilizing, one way species can split, the two extremes are favored and middle man is cut out |
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| proportion of the total variance that is genetic; H2= Vg/(Vg+Ve) |
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| random process that can change gene frequencies in populations; especially in small populations; random, by chance, driving evolution. |
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| extinction rates tend to be higher on islands than mainlands; one hypothesis is that lower genetic diversity associated with island populations makes them less capable of surviving environmental challenges (disease, new species taking over, etc) |
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Term
| macroclimate vs microclimate |
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Definition
| macroclimate is what is presented in climate diagrams; it interacts with the local landscape to produce microclimatic variation. Microclimate is influenced by interactions among landscape features: altitude, aspect, vegetation, color of the ground, presence of boulders and burrows. |
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| water temp is more stable than air because of this; has very high specific heat capacity; the measure of heat or thermal energy required to increase the temperature of 1 cubic cm 1 degree |
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| latent heat of vaporization |
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Definition
| water absorbs heat as it evaporates |
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| water gives off heat as it freezes; refrigerator |
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| short term physiological adjustments that plants and animals make in response to temperature |
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| cold temperature loving bacteria |
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| bacteria that grow above 40 degrees celsius |
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| energy released during cellular metabolism |
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| transfer of heat between objects in direct contact |
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| heat flow between a solid body and moving fluid |
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| loss of heat from emission of mostly infrared light |
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| a type of vaporization of a liquid, that occurs only on the surface of a liquid. |
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| body temp varies with environment; they dont try and modify it |
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Definition
| using external sources of energy, behavior, and anatomy to manipulate body temp |
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| organisms that rely heavily on metabolic heat energy |
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| use metabolic heat to heat their entire body to a relatively constant temperature |
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| an endotherm's temperature tolerance range where the metabolic range doesnt change |
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| a period of sluggish inactivity, suspended physical activity, or dormancy, as of a hibernating animal; ex: hummingbird |
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| state of reduced metabolism lasting months in the winter |
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| state of reduced metabolism lasting months in the summer |
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| fraction of total atmospheric pressure exerted by water vapor |
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| difference between actual water vapor pressure and saturation water vapor pressure |
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| water moving from soil to plants into the atmosphere; capacity of water to move |
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| the tendency of water to stick to walls of small spaces (cells, soil, pores) also lowers water potential |
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| moisture content & metabolic water compared to secretion and evaporation |
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| water released during cellular respiration |
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| use evaporation to cool, not poikilotherms. means of temperature reduction which operates on the principle that water absorbs latent heat from the surrounding air when it evaporates. |
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| diffusion of water down a concentration gradient; water goes from where there is more water to where there is less; and water goes from where there is less solvent to more solvent. |
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