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Why do tropics have so many species?
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Definition
1. Greater environmental complexity
2. Intermediate disturbance
3. Climate for more species
4. More plant species = More herbivores
5. Stability (no glaciers)
6. More tropical land |
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| any event that alters a community |
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Autotrophs - make their own food
Plants - Capture sun's energy |
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| Rate at which autotrophs convert inorganic into organic energy |
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| Gross primary productivity |
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| Total amount of energy used to sustain including respiration |
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| total energy used to build the body of the plant |
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| Categories for species based on mode of nutrition |
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warm blooded
maintains temperature internally while outside changes |
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cold blooded
allows body temperature to change with environment |
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| plant>herbivore>carnivore |
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| Concentration of a substance in the tissue of an organism increases as you move up the food web |
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| Resistance to DDT (insects) |
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Definition
Accumulation of DDT
Evolution to detox DDT |
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Definition
1. Thorns
2. Spines
3. Prickles
4. Predator Satiation
5. Mimicry
6. Unpalatable
7. Indigestible
8. Toxin |
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Definition
| Produce many seeds once and infrequently |
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| Plants evolve to look like something else |
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| Herbivores Strategies For Plants |
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Definition
1. Feed around thorns
2. Bacterial to aid digestion
3. Neutralize toxins
4. Co-Evolution |
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Term
| Prey Defensive Strategies (5) |
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Definition
1. Active defense
2. Chemical Weaponry
3. Aposematic Coloration
4. Mimicry
5. Camouflage |
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Defenseless Mimicry
Resemble Harmful Model |
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| Two harmful models to look like eachother |
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| Predator Attack Strategies |
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Definition
1. Vision (Depth Perception)
2. Sharp teeth / Claws
3. Speed and Strength
4. Camouflage
5. Chemicals
6. Heat Sensing Organs |
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Environmental Factors that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of a species
Everything that influences a species |
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Definition
1. Competition
2. Exploitation
3. Mutualism |
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| Interaction that is detrimental to both participants and occurs when a vital resource is scarce. |
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| Intraspecific competition |
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Definition
| Competition within a species |
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| Interspecific competition |
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Definition
| Competition between species. Occurs when there is overlap |
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| Principle of Competitive Exclusion |
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Definition
| Species Cannot co-exist in a community if they have exactly the same niche. One will outcompete the other. To coexist species must have different niches. |
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| Sharing resources by using them in different ways, times, or areas. |
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| Everything that affects survival and reproduction. 1. Tolerance to physical conditions. 2. Types of resources used. 3. Position in food web. 4. Role in energy flow |
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| Portion of fundamental niche that species occupies |
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| Population Growth Factors (9) |
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Definition
| 1. Resource Levels 2. Disease 3. Climate 4. Adaptations 5. Sex Ratios 6. Natural Disasters 7. Birth/Death Rates 8. Immigration/Emigration 9. Number started with |
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Term
| Population Growth / Exponential Growth |
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Definition
Difference in number over time
* does not include resources* |
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| Maximum per capita rate increase |
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| Average population size that an environment can support under a given set of conditions |
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| (K-N)/N = ? (Logistic Equation) |
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| Resource limitation on population |
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| Density Dependent Controls (3) |
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Definition
| Factors that INCREASE death rates and DECREASE birth rates and become worse as population density INCREASES 1. Competition 2. Predation 3. Disease |
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| Density Independent Controls (2) |
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| Factors that INCREASE death rates and DECREASE birth rates and are INDEPENDENT of population density. Climate and Natural Disasters |
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| Increases the fitness of one species and decreases the fitness of another. 1. Predation 2. Herbivory 3. Parasitism |
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| Gets food from other living things. Lives inside a host |
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| Parasitic bird lays an egg in nest of another species, and that species raises young |
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| Numbers of Predators and Prey that interact with each other. |
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| Hares affect own food supply, overeating of plants can cause own demise. Other predators can eat hares too, eagles and wolves. |
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| Interaction where both species benefit |
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| Mycorrihizae Example of Mutualism |
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Definition
| Fungus (Hyphae) on root = Sugar from plant and Phosphor to plant. |
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Definition
| Ants protect plant from insects and herbivores. Acacia protects and feeds ants with hollow thorns and nectars. |
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