Term
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Definition
1. Natural Causes (1 species a decade)
2. Anthropogenic effects |
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Term
| Human-Caused Reductions in Biodiversity |
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Definition
| Habitat destruction (fragmentation) |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of interacting individuals of a single species inhabiting a specific area |
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Term
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Definition
| an association of interacting species inhabiting some defined area. |
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Term
| 4 Main factors that influence distribution and abundance |
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Definition
1. Colonization/dispersal
2. Biotic interactions
3. Environmental (abiotic) conditions
4. Distrubance |
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Term
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Definition
| Competition, predation, facilitation |
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Term
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Definition
| Based upon what species are there, and what causes the pattern in this community |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of species present |
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Term
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Definition
percentage each species contributes to the whole.
Most species are moderately abundant in communities; few are very common or extremely rare. (bell curve) |
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Term
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Definition
| A combination of the number of species and their relative abundances |
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Term
| Shannon Diversity Index Explanation |
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Definition
A measure of species diversity based on:
1)Species richness
2) Species evenness (relative abundance of each species) |
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Term
| Shannon Diversity Index Equation |
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Definition
H = -Σ(pi) (lnpi)
pi= the proportion of individuals in total sample belonging to the ith species.
H= logarithmic measure of diversity – higher values represent greater diversity. |
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Term
| If diversity is high, our ability to predict identity of an individual |
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Definition
| is low. If diversity is low, our ability to predict identity of an individual is high. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lower slope means that there is a higher eveness |
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Term
| Resource Availability/Environmental Conditions |
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Definition
| habitat patches with higher resource heterogeneity support greater species richness. |
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Term
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Definition
| when resource requirements strongly overlap and when resources vary in space more species can exist in an area |
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Term
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Definition
| Why is species richness so high in phytoplankton when their resource needs are the same in a simple environment? Niche defined by nutrient availability and what they are limited by |
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Term
| Competitive exclusion or coexistence of two phytoplankton depend on: |
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Definition
| the ratio of essential nutrients and their ability to utilize the nutrients (one needs more P and the other more Si) |
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Term
| Environmental Variations role in Diversity |
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Definition
| Environmental variation allows the coexistence of competitors because a shift in the environment can lead to a shift in competitive advantage |
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Term
| Nature and Sources of Disturbance |
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Definition
| discrete events that disrupt communities which create opportunities for new species to establish themselves (abiotic, biotic or human) |
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Term
| Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis |
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Definition
| At intermediate levels of distrubance competitive exclusion cannot come to completion and allows more then early colonizers from constant disturbance |
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Term
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Definition
| Who eats who in an ecosystem and their trophic relationships and interactions. Needs to capture the major interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Observed feeding links between organisms that gives the structure of the community or road map |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on trophic levels (discrete food chain) and shows the number of energy transfers between primary producers and consumers |
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Term
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Definition
organisms fall between trophic levels
TP = (TPx * Cx) + (TPy * Cy) +1 |
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Term
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Definition
| Standing crop per unit area |
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Term
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Definition
| rate of accumulation of energy or biomass, growth rate |
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Term
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Definition
| production to biomass ratio |
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Term
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Definition
| consumer production/ prey production |
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Term
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Definition
| dynamically important interactions that show the impacts of predators on prey; the feeding activities of a few species have a dominant effect on others |
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Term
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Definition
| Give a snapshot in time look at what is eating what to help construct a food web |
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Term
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Definition
| Looks at the ratio of carbon and nitrogen in an organism. For carbon there is no fractionation, nitrogen is affected by many biological processes |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the leading threats to biodiversity that is expensive and irreversible. |
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Term
| Common Features of Invasive Species (5) |
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Definition
1. Broad environmental tolerances
2. Effective dispersal
3. high rate of population increase
4. Unique niche
5. Predator resistant |
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Term
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Definition
| When prey density affects the consumer density |
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Term
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Definition
| when predator density effects the prey density |
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Term
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Definition
| a process whereby water bodies receive excess nutrients that stimulate excessive plant growth |
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Term
| Trophic Cascade Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Alternate limitation by resource and predation. The number of trophic levels determines the biomass distribution |
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Term
| Conditions for the trophic cascade |
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Definition
1. need a simple and well known food web
2. consumers control the biomass of the prey
3. Size selective predation |
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Term
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Definition
| The gradual change in plant and animal communities in an area following a disturbance or the creation of a new substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs on newly formed land that is not being influenced by a previous community and is slow |
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Term
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Definition
| on land where vegetation has been removed by a disturbance and seed bank is available, |
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Term
| Way to study disturbance: Inferences from chronosequences |
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Definition
| space for time substitution that looks at previously disturbed places and assume that they started out identical (glacier bay, alaska; hawaiian islands) |
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Term
| characteristics of early colonizers |
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Definition
| rapid dispersal of small seeds that can establish themselves quickly. seedlings grow well in full sun and limited nutrients and moisture. |
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Term
| late colonizer characteristics |
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Definition
| poor dispersers with fewer and bigger seeds that a lot of nutrients to germinate and high shade. |
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Term
| What governs successional change? |
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Definition
| Direct biotic interactions and soil and biota interactions |
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Term
| Change in soil conditions |
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Definition
| brought on by early successional species that fix nitrogen and add nutrients, paving the way for spruce trees. |
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Term
| Species Diversity and Succession |
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Definition
| Species diversity increases over time from the early colonizers to the late colonizers. Diversity is highest at intermediate disturbance. |
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Term
| Why does succession occur? |
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Definition
| Changing conditions favor different species that alter the environment for other species and the changing environment affects the organisms competitive abilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Modification of the environment by a species of one stage which may make the environment more suitable for a species in a later stage |
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Term
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Definition
| Recruitment of later successional species does not require environmental modification by earlier species. Juveniles of later species present, however earlier species can't tolerate change |
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Term
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Definition
| Early arrivals inhibit the colonization of a later species. Mechanisms include chemical and physical obstruction. |
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Term
| Why do large islands have greater species richness? [3] |
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Definition
1. Larger area increase likelihood of species interception.
2. Larger islands can also have greater resource heterogeneity.
3. Also distance from the mainland effects species richness. |
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Term
| What role does competition play on island species richness? |
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Definition
| Resources are limited so as richness increases the number of individuals of a species decreases and increases their chance of extinction. So smaller islands-- greater competition, greater extinction rate. |
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Term
| Theory of Island Biogeography |
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Definition
| The change in the number of species= immigration-extinction. there is an equilibrium point to these two rates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most plants, algae, enzyme has low affinity for CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Warm season grasses, enzyme has a high affinity for CO2 which makes [cell] minimal creating a gradient- less stomata |
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Term
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Definition
| Scavenge CO2 at night, close stomata during the day, slow growth rate |
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Term
| Tool to deal with indigestible structural material |
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Definition
| symbiosis with bacteria to break down cellulose and lignin |
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Term
| Tools to get past chemical defenses |
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Definition
| insects have diverse feeding strategies, resistance, co-opt chemical defenses for themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| non-toxic look like toxic |
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Term
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Definition
| toxic species resemble each other |
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Term
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Definition
| male vs male competition (strength) |
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Term
| Factors that limit animals with enough resources |
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Definition
| gape width, metabolic rates, foraging/prey capture |
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Term
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Definition
| the change in a population over time so the descendants differ morphologically |
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Term
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Definition
| a density dependent factor that occur when organisms require the same resources that are in limited supply. (-,-) |
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Term
| Competitive Exclusion Principle |
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Definition
| Two or more species cannot exist if they use the same limited resource. One will have a slight advantage and outcompete |
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Term
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Definition
| n-dimensional hypervolume. environmental requirements of a species |
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Term
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Definition
| form of competition that involves a fight or other active interaction among organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of competition in which one species utilizes a resource, excluding another (bumblebees) A predator exerts a great impact on prey populations |
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Term
| Problems that are adding to the Global fisheris crisis |
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Definition
| overfishing, fishing down the food web, bycatch, trawling, regulators=industry |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| regular- high competition, random- non aggressive, clumped- friendly |
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Term
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Definition
| change in the number of individuals in a population or vital rates of a population over time |
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Term
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Definition
| probability of surviving from birth to a given age (nx/n0) |
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Term
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Definition
| survival rate- probability of surviving from a given age to the next age (nx+1/nx) |
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Term
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Definition
type I- death rates higher when older
type II- equal chance of death at all times
type III- increased chance of dying young |
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Term
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Definition
| fertility- can measure average number of offspring produced by individuals in each age class (bx/nx) |
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Term
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Definition
| Net reproductive rate (sum [lxmx]) the number of individuals produced per female in her lifetime |
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Term
| r (birth rate-death rate) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Density Independent Growth Factors |
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Definition
| Life history, weather/climate, distrubance |
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Term
| Density dependent factors |
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Definition
| competition, disease, resource availability. |
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Term
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Definition
population is limited in growth by the carrying capacity; density dependent
dN/dt= rmaxN(k-n)/K |
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Term
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Definition
| clutch size vs number over lifetime; fecundity vs adult survival; offspring size vs # of offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| higher population growth rates, short lifespan, new or disturbed habitats |
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Term
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Definition
| selection favoring more efficient utilization of resources, vulnerable to habitat destruction |
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Term
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Definition
| Only happens when there are unlimited resources |
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Term
| What is the missing CO2 sink? |
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Definition
| With increased N available, nitrification increases which converts more CO2 to organic carbon, making it unavailable to the atmosphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Earth was warmer, decomp rates were slow, led to oil and coal that we use today |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O |
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Term
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Definition
1. primary production fixes CO2 in organic carbon.
2. Dead organic matter falls
3. Decomposition of leaves
4. Release of CO2 back into the atmosphere |
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Term
| Three factors that influence climate |
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Definition
| the sun, the atmosphere and the oceans |
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Term
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Definition
| Light that comes in is visible, reemitted as IR, IR trapped by CO2 close to earth |
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Term
| Components of decomposition |
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Definition
| Leaching, fragmentation, chemical alteration, |
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Term
| Decomp Limiter- Temperature |
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Definition
| the rate of respiration increases with temp which promotes microbial activity |
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Term
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Definition
| As moisture increases, decomposition increases |
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Term
| Decomp Limiter- Quality of the Material |
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Definition
| higher the nutrient content, faster the decomposition; the more complex the structure the slower the decomp |
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