Climatograph

-A graph describe the climate (temperature, precipitation for instance)

Example:

[image]

Climate

-The weather conditions prevailing in an area over a long period.

Example: including average temperature humidity atmosphere pressure, wind, rainfall, etc.

Average Precipitation

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Ecology

-The study of relationships between organisms and the environment their live in.

Example: 

[image]

Environment

-The area in which organisms live in.

Example:

City, forests, lake, woods, etc.

Biosphere

-The layer of the air, land and water on the Earth's surface in which all living things on Earth exist.

Example:

[image]

Biotic

-A concpt that relates to the living

Example:

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Bacteria

Animals, plants, fungi, etc.

Abiotic

-Things that relate to non-living parts of an environment.

Example: Sunlight, soil, moisture, temperature...

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Biodiversity

-The variety of all living species in a given area.

Example:

Rainforests are an example of biodiversity---there're many different species in the rainforests.

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Biome

-A large naturally community of plants and animals.

Example:

8 terrestrial biomes: 

Tundra, boreal forest, tropical rainforest, grassland, desert, temperate forest, permanent ice, temperate deciduous forest. 

Ecosystem

-A biological community of organisms and their physical environment (smaller than the biomes)

Example: 

[image]

Habitat

-The smaller division of the ecosystems.

-The natural home or evironment of organisms.

Example: 

[image]

Classifying Biomes

-Scientist have divided the Earth into biomes based on  factors: Temperature+precipitation, Lantitude, Elevation, Ocean currents.

Example: See cards Temp+pre.., Lantitude, Elevation and Ocean Currents.

Temperature & Precipitation

-The important abiotic factor that determine the caracteristics of a biome.

-Some animals/plants can't adoupt different temp/precipitation, which limits the biome.

Example: slugs require the cool, damp climate of our temperate rainforest. They can't survive if place in a desert biome.

[image]

Lantitude

-The angular distance of a place north or south of the earth's equator

-The equator is the warmest, for sun is over head all year.

-Further away get colder

Example:

Almost all the rainforests lie near the equator.

Elevation

-The height of a land mass above the sea level.

-As it goes higher, the temperature and pressure gets lower.

Example:

[image]

Ocean Currents

-the steady flow of surface ocean water in a prevailing direction.

Example:

Vancouver tipically have colder water on the coast. And we get lots of rain.

Structural Adaptation

-It's a physical feature of an organism, having a specific function-->increases its survival

Example: Turtles have hard shell in order to protect themselves.

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Behavioural Adaptation

-it's an adaptation of what an organism does (choose to do) increases survival.

Example: Bird Migration

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Physiological Adaptation

-It's a physical or chemical events that occurs within the body that increase survival.

Example:

Camels have an ability to go for a long time without water.

Tundra

-A vast, treeless region of Europe, Asia and North America.

-Soil is permanently froozen.

-Flat terrain

Example:

Upper Northern Hemisphere, below polar seas.

[image]

Boreal Forest

-A type of biome locate in Northern hemisphere, has short growing season, rough terrain and many warshes, lakes and wetland.

-Coniferous trees; plants are all tall

Example:

[image]

Temperate Decduous Forest

-A type of biome found in Eastern Asia, Eastern USA and Europe

-Has big change in temperature.

-Hot summer and cold winter

-Great biodiversity

Example:

[image]

Energy Flow

-The transfer of the energy through the food chain.

Example:

[image]

Ecological Pyramid

-Ecological Pyramid is a graph that shows the biomass of each trophic level in a ecosystem.

Example:

[image]

Temperate Rainforest

-A biome found in Western N.A, has GREAT precipitation and high temp(5~25˚C)

-Trees grow tall+evergreen.

Ex:

BC,

[image]

Grassland(Temperate)

-The Biome found in 5~20˚N lantitude.

-25-100cm rainfall

-summer is hot, winter's cold.

Example

[image]

Grassland(Tropical)

-Biome found in Africa, South America and North Australia(around the equator---tropical)

-warmer and has more rainfall than the temperate grassland.

Example:

[image] 

Desert

-A really hot and dry biome, locate in area around 30 degree north to 30 degree south lantitude.

-hot desert: 7-28 degree celcius.

 cold desert: -2~26 degree celcius

Example:

sahara desert, west australia

[image]

Permanent Ice

-The biome with permanent ice..extremely cold temp, low precipitation.

-Lots of strong wind, little sunshine

-mostly snow, -30 degree celcius.

Ex: Arclic, greenland, antarclia

[image]

Tropical Forest

-The biome which locate around the equator, with large amount of different plant species.

-rains a LOT

-20~25 degree celcius as average temp.

Example:

Southern east Asia, South Merica and middle africa.

[image]

Trophic Level

-Each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, consisting of organisms sharing the same function in the food chain.

Example

[image]

Biomass

-The total amount/weight of a kind of species in an ecosystem/trophic level.

Example

[image]

Symbiotic relationship

-The relationship between organisms that live in the same ecosystem.

-can be between animals and plants, animals and animals or plants&plants.

-the relationship that organism can have an impact on each other.

Example: commensalism, mutualism, parasitism, etc.

Mutualism

-Both organisms are dependent on each other.

-They live together and sometimes can't even survive without the other.

IN lichen, the alga produces sugars and oxygen for the fungus, which provides carbon dioxide and water for the alga.

Commensalism

-An organism benefits and the other organism is neither helped nor harmed.

Example:

In India, lone golden jackals expelled from their pack have been known to form commensal relationships with tigers.

Parasitism

-One species benefits from another and another is harmed.

Example:

mosquito gets nourishment from human's blood.

Competition

-Organisms required the same but limit resources at the same location and time, they compete for the resources.

-plants in the tropical rainforest grow higher in order to get more sunlight and prevent the growth of other plants.

Predation

-One organism(the predator) eats all or part of another organism(the prey)

Example:

cheetah hunts gazelles.

[image]

Mimicry

-Prey animal mimics another species that's dangerous in order to avoid danger.

Example

Viceroy butterflies look like bitter-tasting monarch butterflies and are avoid by predators.

Inter/Intra-species

-inter-species: between the same species

-intra-species: between different species.

Example:

-A and B are friends, the relationship btw A and B(human and human) is inter-species relationship.

-A has a dog named C, the relationship between A and C(dog with a human) is intra-species relationship.

Producer

-The 1˚ trophic level, organisms that produce energy(transform solar energy to chemical energy)

-Plants are always producers.

-Grass, trees, etc.

[image]

Consumer

-Organisms eat producers or other consumers and consume energy.

Example: Animals.

[image]

Decomposer

-they eat dead stuff and release nurtrition, close the energy loop

Example: some kind of bacteria or fungi

[image]

Food Chain

-Picture that shows the flow of energy from plants to animals or from animals to animals.(predation btwm plants and animals or animals and animals)

Example:

[image]

Food Web

-Graph that shows feeding relationship or intereaction within an ecosystem.

Ex:

[image]

Secondary/Tertiary

-Secondary: describe the trophic level, secondary means 2˚ ex) secondary consumer means 2˚ consumer.

-Tertiary means 3, ex) tertiary consumer means 3˚ consumer.

Keystone Species

-Species that can greatly affect conditions of other organisms, and the health of the ecosystem.

Example:

Salman, they're food source for bear, wolf, eagle, decaying bodies can provide plants nourishment.

Nurtrients

-Chemicals (nourishment) that are required for plants+animal growth and other life process.

Example:

[image]

Stores

-The amount of nutrients stores in the earth's atmosphere, ocean, and landmasses(for a short or a long time)

Example:

Organic

-things that is or was living (contains carbon)

Example: CH_4, C₂H₅OH, etc

Inorganic

-the opposite concept of "organic"

-The things that is not living and never was.(with no carbon contain)

Example: sunlight, water, atmosphere

Five chemical elements(chemical nutrients)

-Five types of elements that limit the amount and the types of life possible in an ecosystem.

-These elements are: Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H), oxygen(O),nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P)

The Carbon Cycle

-It's a close loop of the carbon cycle.

-Carbon is exchange among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.

-It cycled thru the photosynthesis, cellular respiration, decomposition, ocean processes, volcanic eruption, forest fires...

Example:

[image]

The Nitrogen Cycle

-A biochemical cycle of nitrogen.

-Nitrogen cycled through the nitrogen fixation, nitrification&uptake, and denitrification.

Example:

[image]

Nitrogen Fixation

-The process in which nitrogen gas is change into compound that contain nitrates(NO₃^-) or ammonion(NH₄⁺), which is both usable by plants.

Example: This process occurs in the atmosphere---by lightening, soil---by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the water---cyanobacteria.

Nitrification&uptake

-A process that transforme ammonion to Nitrite, then change nitrite to nitrate, which is usable by plant.

-occurs in soil by nitrifying bacteria.

-NO₃ can enter plant roots and help growth, and herbivores then eat the plants and cycle continue.

[image]

Denitrification

-Process that return nitrogen to the atmosphere(as N2).

-takes place in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

-Denitifying bacteria convert NO₂^- back into N₂.

Example:

[image]

The Phosphorus Cycle

-The process that phosphorus cycled in the ecosystem.

-Through weathering, plants, etc.

Example:

[image]

How Chemicals Move Through the Food Chain

-Decomposers such as bacteria or fungi break down the chemicals that enter an ecosystem.

-These chemicals can be ether organic or cynthetic.

Example: carbon, nitrogen...but also mercury, cadmiun, etc.

Bioaccumulation

-Gradual build up of chemicals in living organisms when chemicals are taken up and stored faster than it's broken down.

Example: It's like the paint on the palette. If you the paint are more than the water could wash, it will "store" on the palette.

like this:

[image]

Biomagnification

-The process that there's more chemicals store at higher trophic level.

Higher trophic level are like a larger magnets, which can attracted more chemicals---biomagnification.

[image] 

Red Tide Toxin

-It's an organic toxin produced by algae bloom

-As the shellfish eat the algae, the toxin bioaccumulate to a level that's poisonous to other organisms

-Can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning.

Example:

[image]

PCBs

-It's a synthetic toxin used for heat change, paints, plastics, etc.

-It has a long half-life---PCBs stay in organisms and environment in a long time.

Example: 

[image]

DDT

-The organic tixin that biomagnifies and has a long half-life.

-5ppm of DDT is considered harmful to organisms.

-DDT bioaccumulates in fat tissue.

-Nervous, immune, reproductive system can be damaged by it.

Example:

[image]

Heavy Metals

-High density(heavy) metals.

-They're toxic to organisms at low concentrations.

Example:

Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, etc.

Soil trapping

-The method used to reduce the effects of chemical pollutants.

-It's a chemical reaction to produce insoluable compound.

Bioremediation

-Use living organisms to clean up pollutents/chemicals.

-feed on chemicals and reduce than to non-toxic compound.

Example:

[image]

Organic Farming

-Farming plants/animals without using herbicides, steroids, fertilizers, etc.

Example:

[image]