Term
Southern Oscillation
ch 23 |
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Definition
| an oscillation in atmospheric pressure that extends across the Pacific Ocean. |
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Definition
| the opposite of an El Nino. The sea surface temperature in the Eastern Pacific Ocean is lower than average and barometric pressure is higher. |
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Definition
a large-scale coupled oceanic-atmospheric system that has major effects on climate worldwide. During an El Nino, the sea surface temperature in the Eastern Pacific Ocean is higher than average and barometric pressure is lower.
• Known to produce declines in coastal populations of anchovies and sardines and the seabirds that feed upon them. |
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Definition
| warming of the earth’s atmosphere and surface as a result of heat trapped near the earth’s surface by gases in the atmosphere, especially water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons. |
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Definition
| the outer layer of the earth’s atmosphere beginning approximately 80 km above the earth’s surface. |
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Definition
| a layer in the earth’s atmosphere, extending from 64 – 80 km above the earth’s surface; temperatures drop steeply with altitude |
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Definition
| a layer of earth’s atmosphere that extends from about 16 km to an altitude of about 50 km. |
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Definition
| a layer of the atmosphere extending from the earth’s surface to an altitude of 9 – 16 km. |
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Definition
an interaction between two species that enhances the fitness of both.
• The crocodile could eat the bird but gets more out of the relationship by letting the bird dig around its mouth |
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Term
• Facultative Mutualism
ch 15 |
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Definition
| species can live without their mutualistic partners |
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Term
• Obligate Mutualism
ch 15 |
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Definition
| species can’t live without their mutualistic partners |
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Term
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Definition
• Cleaning
• Guard/Lookout
• Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria
• Seed Dispersal
• Pollinators |
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Term
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Definition
• Zooxanthellae: algae
• Corals occupied by pistol shrimp and crabs are attacked less frequently than are corals without these crustaceans |
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Term
Two most common types of mycorrhizae
ch 15 |
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Definition
• Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) the fungus produces arbuscules, sites of exchange between plant and fungus, hyphae, fungal filaments, and vesicles, fungal energy storage organs within root cortex cells.
• Ectomycorrhizae (ECM) the fungus forms a mantle around roots and a netlike structure around root cells. |
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Term
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Definition
an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.
EX:Hooded parrot and the termite mound |
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Term
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Definition
| a heterotrophic organism that kills and eats other organisms for food; usually an animal that hunts and kills other animals for food |
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Definition
| an insect whose larva consumes its host and kills it in the process; functionally equivalent to predators. |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that lives in or on another organism, the host, deriving benefits from it; parasites typically reduce the fitness of the host, but do not generally kill it |
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Term
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Definition
| EX) bacteria, viruses, fungi, roundworms, tapeworms, botflies |
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Term
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Definition
live outside the host’s body
EX) mites, fleas, ticks, leeches, lampreys |
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Term
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Definition
| any organism that induces disease, a debilitating condition, in their hosts; common pathogens include viruses, bacteria, and protozoans |
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Definition
| a heterotrophic organism that eats plants |
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Definition
any agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism.
EX) mosquito |
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Definition
situations in which members of an exploited population have some protection from predators and parasites.
•Space
•Protection in numbers
•Size as a refuge |
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Definition
biodiversity, typically measured by species richness, is protective against infection with zoonotic pathogens, like pathogens transmitted to humans through animal reservoirs.
• Hypothesis formed by Ostfeld at the Cary Institute for Ecosystem Studies |
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Term
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Definition
The European Rabbit in Australia & the Myxoma Virus
•The rabbit population evolved increased levels of resistant to the Myxoma Virus
•The virus population evolved reduced virulence towards rabbits.
•Thus, the fitness of both hosts and parasites was increased in response to natural selection. |
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Definition
| After construction of the Panama canal, during the early 1900’s, the newly formed Lake Gutun had 14 native fish species. In 1967, peacock bass from South America were introduced into the lake to serve as a sport fish. By 1972 they had spread through the lake and eliminated 7 of the native fish species and caused severe reductions in populations of the other 7. They reduced the stocks of small, insectivorous fish, there were more mosquitoes which resulted in more cases of malaria around the lake. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plagiorhynchas lays eggs within the intestines of an infected bird. The eggs are shed with feces. A terrestrial isopod eats the feces of an infected bird, the eggs hatch within a few hours and develop into mature larva in 60-65 days. The larva alter isopod behavior, infected isopods leave sheltered areas. They are eaten by birds. They then attach themselves to the bird’s intestinal wall. This is the life cycle that affects behavior. |
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Term
Co-Evolution of parasites and their hosts
ch 14 |
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Definition
•The process of natural selection will cause parasites to become less virulent (less lethal) over time, because it's advantageous to avoid destroying your own resource.
•Natural selection will cause hosts to become more resistant over time, so they can live with parasite without a reduction in fitness. |
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Term
4 Types of Competition
ch 13 |
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Definition
•Interspecific
•Intraspecific
•Exploitation
•Interference |
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Definition
| competition between two species |
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Term
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Definition
| competition within a species |
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Term
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Definition
| when a resource is made unavailable by another organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| direct interaction between two species. Conflict over a resource. |
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Term
Gause’s Competitive Exclusion Principle
ch 13 |
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Definition
| states that two species with identical niches can’t coexist indefinitely. |
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Term
Competitive Exclusion
ch 13 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Character Displacement
ch 13 |
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Definition
| changes in the physical characteristics of a species’ population as a consequence of natural selection for reduced interspecific competition. |
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Definition
| describes the condition in which populations or species have non-overlapping geographic ranges |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the condition in which populations or species have overlapping geographic ranges. |
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Term
Character Displacement Example
ch 13 |
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Definition
The Galapagos finches Geospiza fortis, the medium ground finch, and G. Fuliginosa, the small ground finch.
o Where they are allopatric they have very similar beak sizes. Where they are sympatric their beak sizes don’t overlap.
o These species have different feeding niches and natural selection has favored divergence and made the beak sizes different. |
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Term
Taper and Case 6 criteria for a case for character displacement
ch 13 |
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Definition
*Morphological differences
*Differences between sympatric and allopatric populations have a genetic basis
oMust have evolved in place and not from a different founder population
*Variation must have a known effect on use of resources
*Demonstrated competition for the resource under question and it must be directly correlated with similarity in the character
*Differences in the character can’t be explained by differences in the resources available. |
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Term
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Definition
| process of deterioration with age |
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Term
Resource Partitioning
ch 13 |
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Definition
| division of resources where a few dominant species exploit or use most of the available resources while other less dominant species divide the remainder |
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