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| the study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms |
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| the study of the factors that determine growth and structure of populations |
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| number of individuals in a population that resources of a habitat can support |
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| The geographic extent of a population |
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| average time from the birth of a female to the birth of her average offspring |
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| large geographic area characterized by a particular dominant vegetation type. determined by local rainfall and temperatures |
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| a set of local populations occupying an array of habitat patches and connected to one another by migration |
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| secondary consumers that capture and kill prey before immediately devouring it |
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| when consumers distribute themselves with respect to patchy resources such that the per consumer consumption rate is equal in all patches |
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| all the interacting parts of the physical and biological worlds |
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| number of actual links between species in a community divided by the total number of possible links |
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| a series of stages of community change in a particular area leading to a stable state |
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| the proportion of ingested energy that is absorbed through digestion |
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| the probability that a community will persist in the presence of disturbance due to by weather, physical chemical factors or other organisms |
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| homeotherms are larger in cold areas |
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| energy formed by herbivores, carnivores, or detrivores |
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a measure of the number or relative abundance of species in a community over a region including several habitats
Broad biogeographic patterns (gamma diversity)
a. North-south (latitudinal) gradient |
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sum of lxbx
decreases if below 1, stable at 1, and above 1 theres growth |
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| Even aged individuals followed throughout their life |
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| Age distribution data are collected from a cross section of the population at one time |
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| curves are typical of populations in which most mortality occurs among the elderly (e.g., humans in developed countries). |
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| curves occur when mortality is not dependent on age (e.g., many species of large birds and fish). For an infinite type II population, e_0==e_1==..., but this cannot hold for a finite population. |
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| Type III curves occur when juvenile mortality is extremely high (e.g., plant and animal species producing many offspring of which few survive). In type III populations, it is often true that e_(i+1)>e_i for small i. In other words, life expectancy increases for individuals who survive their risky juvenile period. |
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| Shows you at each point of population what gains will be made |
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y axis is the abundance of species. x axis is the rank.
ex. temperate forest:vertical line
tropical forrest: more species and the species are more equal in abundance, more horizontal line |
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The effect of the species on its environment or the requirements needed by a species to persist in an environment.
(sea turtle study looked at pop. growth rate therefore second definition would be appropriate) |
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| Crause, Crowder and Caswell paper on sea turtles |
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| Studied different stages of turtles life and realized by using leftkovich matrix that later stages of turtles(juveniles and young adults) had most effect on pop. |
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| Density Dependence and Independence |
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| per capita birth rates decline and/or death rates increase with density and that this may regulate populations |
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| Super organism View(Clement) |
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| Relative permanent harmonious and stable climax community |
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| Individualistic View of Communities |
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| a view of communities as a chance of fortuitous association of species, acting somewhat independently of each other |
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| Example of Meta population Study |
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| Pokki Voles. Studied voles on islands and quantified the birth, survival and dispersal rates on islands of different sizes. Found that islands had significant effects. POp. on smaller islands had higher extinction rates and lower colonization rates. Basic metapopulation theory assumes that all patches are equal in size and quality and are the same distance away from each other |
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| the efficiency with which the biological production of an entire trophic level is consumed |
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| a species that removes only part of its prey, rarely lethal and consumes many different prey in its lifetime |
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| the geographic tend for limbs and extremities to become short and more compact in colder climates |
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| a measure of the variety of species a community takes into account both the number and the relative abundance of species |
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| the rate of succession of a community back to equilibrium following a disturbance |
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| competition in which individuals actively interfere with one another's access to resources |
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| a set of interacting populations of living organisms in a prescribed area |
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| feeding at more than on trophic level |
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| measure of variation in species abundances that occurs within a local habitat |
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| the ranges of conditions and resource qualities within which an organism or species does persist |
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| the study of the distributions of organisms on earth |
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| a reduction in per capita growth rate of species when at low densities or abundances |
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| a description of a community based on the feeding relationships among each pair of species |
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| Can reproduce multiple times |
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| Put all of energy into reproducing then die (salmon) |
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| intrinsic rate of growth(With constraints removed, the size of most populations would be expected to increase.) |
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| is the per individual effect of species B on the growth rate of species A. Increasing it would cause species A to have a lower growth rate in competition to the point at which species b would always win |
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| Rank Abundance Curves for (early, mid and late successional stages) |
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| Diversity is the lowest at the beginning before very many species get there. It is the highest at the mid when many species have arrived but at later successional stages, the competitive dominants can again reduce diversity |
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| Example of Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis |
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| Lubchencos work on algae in pools where the predator snail was acting as a disturbance agent. Intermediate abundances of the snail led to the highest diversity of snails |
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| Paine's keystone predation, where the addition of starfish suppresses mussels and keeps them from competitively dominating the rock intertidal. This supports the idea of the predators having a positive indirect effect on species that compete with mussels. |
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| Example of Density Dependence |
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| Moina grown at different temperatures |
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| Horns study of forest succession using Markov Matrix. Assumed that the probability of a species replacing a dead adult depended on its density as seedlings and saplings in the under story. The model correctly predicted a climax stage dominated by beech |
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| Example of biological control |
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| Cottony cushion scale hurt the citrus industry in California. Vedalia(lady bug) was imported from Australia and successfully eliminated the pest |
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| Example of Predator-Prey Dynamics |
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| Huffakers mites attempted to get a predatory and prey mite to coexist on arrays of oranges. The predatory generally quickly drove the prey extinct. The study did show oscillations supporting the models |
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| Examples of Ecosystem Processes |
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| Livingston's study of drought in the Apalachicola bay demonstrates how drought has increased salinity and how water depth has declined. this increases abundance of herbivores and omnivors |
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| the geographic and ecological range of a species, primarily determined by suitable conditions or habitats for individual species |
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| when changes in population size are episodic, occurring during regular defined intervals |
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| an instantaneous measure of the per capita change in size of a discrete population |
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| the time it takes a population to increase by 100% |
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| when a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing and the population is reduced dramatically |
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| a population which experiences immigration and emigration from other populations |
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| Environmental Stochasticity |
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| variation in population size or density due to changes in the surrounding environment |
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| father of demography who studied growth of London |
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| either the number of female offspring per female adult or the per individual reproductive out put per time interval |
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| the concept that natural selection favors the evolution of traits related to high population growth rates |
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| Lions in Ngorogoro Crater |
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Definition
Ngorongoro Crater contains one of the densest lion populations in Africa. Its lush grass, caused by the crater's annual flood, attracts most every kind of animal upon which lions prey. Lions do not bother venturing outside the crater; beyond its walls, there is little to eat but the cattle that belong to the Masai tribe, whose members are very protective of their herds and known for their deftness with spears.
By the same token, outside lions rarely penetrate the crater, preferring not to spar over territory with resident lions.
The edge of Ngorongoro Crater.
Denied new blood, the crater's lion population has stagnated over the years, leading to the problems with inbreeding that Dr. Craig Packer has discovered in his research. |
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| The proportions of the population in different age classes when the rate of increase has converged to a constant (which depends on the fixed schedules of survival and fecundity). The ratios between the numbers in the age classes are constants |
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| Unlimited resources, constant r |
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| intra specific competition with no time lag |
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| time lags in intra specific competition |
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| cycles of air that run from 0 to 30 degrees and from 30 to 60 degrees N and S, caused by uprising air at the equator and falling air at 30 degrees |
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| geographic areas defined by dominant vegetation type and caused by patterns of rainfall and temperature |
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| when populations in local patches within a metapopulation are prevented from going extinct by migration from other patches |
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| change in the spatial distribution of the predators as a result of the spatial distribution of the prey |
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| predators that live in or on their host, usually killing and consuming the host |
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| an organism that consumes all or part of other organisms, with the prey being alive at the initiation of the attack |
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| the dry area on the leeward side of a mountain range |
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| the cycling of water from the bottom to the top of lakes during the winter that brings nutrients up from the benthos, cause by density changes at near zero water temp. |
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| infiltrating an area by slowly diffusing(zebra muscle) |
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| movement of individuals from a population across uninhabitated space to a new location |
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| Werner Hall 3 Fish Species |
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Green-fundamental and realized niche in vegetation
Pumpkinseed-realized niche of benethic areas
blue-open water areas |
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| Describes the population size which produces the most number of recruits in the next generation that by regularly harvesting the population down to this level a manager or predator can maximize the number of individuals taken from the population without driving the population to extinction |
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| expressing a reciprocal or complementary relation(plants that occur together) |
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| Something that has been influened through time |
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| change in the rate of prey capture by a constant density of predators as a result of a change in the prey density |
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| change in population size of a predator as a reult of change in the density of the prey |
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| mortality due to predation v number available |
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| type of species interaction in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected receiving neither harm or benefit |
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| when characters related to resource in two or more species are shown to diverge in non random fashion due to selection that reduces competition |
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| Gauses Competitive Exclusion Principle |
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| no two species can occupy the same niche |
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| the consumption of competing species by a shared predator that results in reduced competition and increased coexistence in prey species |
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| free living adults which lay egges in, on or near other insects, generally consuming a living prey,while slowly killing it |
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| when on species reduces the preformance of a second species by consuming shared resources, thus reducing the availability of those resources to the second species |
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| organisms blend to environment |
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| poisonous resembles poisonous |
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| harmless resemble poisonous |
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| transition zone between two ecosystems.. most diverse |
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| Species Richness and Species Eveness |
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| Species Diversity-two components |
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| gradual change in species composition and community structure over time. |
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| gradual change from one vegetation type to another in altitude or broad geographic areas |
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| species that feed on nothing within the web (usually plants) |
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| groups of species that have the same predator and prey |
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| animals from hot, dry areas tend to be paler than those from colder wetter regions. |
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| a measure of the ability of a community to persist in the presence of perturbations arising from weather, physical-chemical factors, other organisms, or human activities. Resilience is measured by the probability of extinction. |
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| the ability of a community to return to its original state following a disturbance. local - small disturbances, global - large disturbances. |
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| refers to time for succession, speed of return |
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| distance from which community can return to original state |
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| the initial capture of energy into ecosystems |
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| energy flow through Odum’s model |
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| for less mobile elements that have no mechanism for long distance transport (e.g. phosphorus |
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| where exchange can occur between the atmosphere and the ecosystem (e.g. nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and water). |
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| Increases Primary and Secondary Consumers |
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| Predation --- diversity, while resources ----diversity. |
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| relay floristics (pattern) or facilitation (process) model |
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| an orderly progression to a monoclimax. Each species makes the environment less suitable for themselves and more suitable for others. This went along quite nicely with Clements idea of communities as superorganisms |
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| inhibition (process) model |
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| possibly leading to a polyclimax. No species in this model is competitively superior to another - who wins depends on who gets there first. Succession proceeds from short-lived species to long-lived species, but is not especially orderly |
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| tolerance (process) model |
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| someplace in between. Any species can start succession. However, some are competitively superior and eventually dominate in a climax community. Usually some sort of monoclimax. Succession leads to a community composed of those species most efficient in exploiting resources, presumably each specialized on different kinds or proportions of resources. This all fits quite nicely with Gleeson's individualistic view of communities. |
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| random colonization model (Lawton, 1987). |
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| This is really a null model, suggesting that succession involves only the chance survival of different species and random colonization by new species. No competition or facilitation. A version is called called the lottery model. Might be appropriate in highly disturbed communities, where immigration and past history of disturbance plays large role. |
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| Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (Joe Connell |
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| medium amount of disturbance increases diversity in the long term |
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| Janzen-Connell hypothesis |
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| seedlings are more likely to be dispersed near their parent, but more likely to survive far from their parent |
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| within-habitat diversity, number of species in local, small areas of uniform habitat |
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| between habitat diversity, the variation in species composition from one habitat to another within a region. This is really a measure of variation in diversity, not diversity directly. |
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| regional diversity, number of species in a larger area of interest across habitats or local areas |
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| assumes division of a single resource, but random. |
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| assumes division of resource in regular, sequential way |
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| multiple factors are affecting the distribution of species abundances, resulting in a bell shaped curve |
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| populations in some patches are maintained only through continuous migration, otherwise the population would go extinct |
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| known to occur as countries develop more stable economies, which allows for better health care and education. |
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| Demographic Stochasticity |
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| traits of the population itself, such as age and sex structure |
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