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| the logical structure behind the design of a scientific study |
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| systematic inaccuracy in an estimate due to some aspect of the measurement procedure |
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| a classifcation of individuals within a model, within which all individuals are treated as identical |
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| keeps track of the number of individuals within a given compartment but does not make any distinction between them |
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| Example of Compartmental model |
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| SIR model: classifies individuals into 3 compartments based on infection status/history |
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| Models that treat time as continuous allow the population to be updated: |
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| Models that treat populations as continuous entities do not keep track of the number of individuals but instead keep track of the: |
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| density of individuals, the proportion of individuals |
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| proceeding without an element of chance |
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| For a given set of initial conditions and parameter values a deterministic model gives: |
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| the same outcome every time |
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| taking on only particular values |
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| Models that treat time as discrete allow the population to be updated: |
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| only at specific moments in time |
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| Models that treat populations as discrete entities keep track of: |
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| the number of individuals |
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| a deviation from the normal physiological status of an organism that negatively affects its survival or reproduction |
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| a mathematical model that describes how something (e.g. a population) changes through time |
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| an equilibrium for which the processes that increase and decrease the values of some ore all model variables (other than time) are still occurring |
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| a set of values for all model variables (other than time) for which the processes that increase the variables' value are exactly balanced by the processes that decrease their values |
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| the findings of a scientific study are used to support the conclusions |
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| the expected lifetime contribution of an individual organism to the next generation; usually measured as the number of offspring that survive to reproductive age |
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| a quantity that represents an intrinsic property of a model world but may take on different values in different instances of a model world |
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| per capita (and per capita rate) |
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per individual;
the amount of change in the size or density of a population per specified change in time per individual |
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| incorporating elements of randomness/chance |
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| a stochastic model can produce _____________, even when the initial conditions and values of parameters are identical |
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| different outcomes on different runs |
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| changes in the value of model variables are indistinguishable from equilibrium (or steady state) values |
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| an infectious disease that is transmitted to people from other animals |
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| the total number of female offspring that we expect an average female to produce over the course of her life |
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| the average time between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring |
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| a life table that follows a group of individuals born at the same time from birth to the death of the last individual |
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| a life table that quantifies the survival and fecundity of all individuals in a population during a single time interval |
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| the ability of a host to prevent an infection from occurring |
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| the ability of a host to minimize the harm that an infection can cause |
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| the number of parasites of a given species that an individual host can harbor |
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| A parasite that lives on the outside of an organism |
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| a parasite that lives inside an organism |
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| emerging infectious disease |
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| a disease that is newly discovered, or has been rare and then suddenly increases in occurrence |
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| when a parasite moves between individuals other than parents and their offspring |
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| an organism that a parasite uses to disperse from one host to another |
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| when a parasite is transmitted from a parent to its offspring |
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| species that can carry a parasite but do not succumb to the disease that the parasite causes in other species |
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| susceptible-infected-resistant model (SIR) |
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| the simplest model of infectious disease transmission the incorporates immunity |
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| relatively small carnivores that consume herbivores |
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| predators that typically consume both herbivores and mesopredators |
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| a model of predator-prey interactions that incorporates oscillations in the abundances of predator and prey populations and shows predator numbers lagging behind those of their prey |
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| the population size of one species that causes the population of another species to be stable |
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| joint population trajectory |
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| the simultaneous trajectory of predator and prey populations |
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| the point at which the equilibrium isoclines for predator and prey populations cross |
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| the relationship between the density of prey and an individual predator's rate of food consumption |
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| Type I, II, and III functional responses |
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I: a predator's rate of prey consumption increases in a linear fashion with an increase in prey density until satiation occurs
II: a predator's rate of prey consumption begins to slow down as prey density increase and then plateaus when satiation occurs
III: a predator exhibits low prey consumption under low prey densities, rapid consumption under moderate prey densities, and slowing prey consumption under high prey densities |
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| a learned mental image that helps the predator locate and capture food |
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| a change in the number of predators through population growth or population movement due to immigration or emigration |
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| Liebig's law of the minimum |
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| law stating that a population increases until the supply of the most limiting resource prevents it from increasing further |
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| competitive exclusion principle |
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| the principle that two species cannot coexist indefinitely when they are both limited by the same resource |
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| variables that convert between the number of individuals of one species and the number of individuals of the other species |
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| individuals consume and drive down the abundance of a resource to a point that other individuals cannot persist |
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| when competitors do not immediately consume resources but defend them |
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| a type of interference that occurs when organisms use chemicals to harm their competitors |
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| when two species have a negative effect on each other through an enemy--including a predator, parasite, or herbivore |
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| a species that interacts with many other species |
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| a species that interacts with one other species or a few closely related species |
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| two species that provide fitness benefits to each other and require each other to persist |
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| two species that provide fitness benefits to each other, but the interaction is not critical to the persistence of either species |
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| fungi that surround plant roots and help plants obtain water and minerals |
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| fungi that is characterized by hyphal threads that extend far out into the soil and penetrate root cells between the cell wall and the cell membrane |
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| arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi |
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| a type of endomycorrhizal fungi that infects a tremendous number of plants |
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| fungi characterized by hyphae that surround the roots of plants and enter between root cells but rarely enter the cells |
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| fungi that live inside a plant's tissues |
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| a species that substantially affects the structure of communities despite the fact that individuals of that species might not be particularly numerous |
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| intermediate disturbance hypothesis |
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| the hypothesis that more species are present in a community that occasionally experiences disturbances than in a community that experiences frequent or rare disturbances |
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| within a given trophic level, a group of species that feeds on similar items |
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| indirect effects in a community that are initiated by a predator |
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| density-mediated indirect effect |
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| an indirect effect caused by changes in the density of an intermediate species |
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| trait-mediated indirect effect |
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| an indirect effect caused by changes in the traits of an intermediate species |
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| when the abundance of trophic groups in nature are determined by the amount of energy available from the producers in a community |
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| when the abundance of trophic groups is determined by the existence of predators at the top of the food web |
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| the time it takes after a disturbance for a community to return to its original state |
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| when a community is disturbed so much that the species composition and relative abundance of populations in the community change, and the new community structure is resistant to further change |
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| the process by which the species composition of a community changes over time |
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| each stage of community change during the process of succession |
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| the earliest species to arrive at a site |
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| the final seral stage in the process of succession |
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| a sequence of communities that exist over time at a given location |
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| the development of communities in habitats that are initially devoid of plants and organic soil such as sand dunes, lava flows, and bare rock |
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| the development of communities in habitats that have been disturbed and contain no plants but still contain an organic soil |
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| facilitation (succession) |
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| a mechanism of succession in which the presence of one species increases the probability that a second species can become established |
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| a mechanism of succession in which one species decreases the probability that a second species will become established |
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| priority effect (succession) |
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| when the arrival of one species at a site affects the subsequent colonization of other species |
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| a mechanism of succession in which the probability that a species can become established depends on its dispersal ability and its ability to persist under the physical conditions of the environment |
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