Term
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Definition
Grass (Few Trees)
10-30 inches Rain
Rolling/Flat
Warm Summers and Cold Winters
Vegetation
Grasses and Forbs
Greatests Productivity per Unity Standing Crop
High Root/Shoot Ratio
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Term
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Definition
1. Cultivated
2. Successional
3. North American Grasslands
4. Eurasian Steppes
5. South American Pampas
6. South African Veldt
7. Australian Grassland |
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Term
Types of North American Grasslands |
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Definition
Tall-grass pairie - Big Bluestem, Needlegrass, legumes, composites, squirrels, gophers
Mixed-grass pairie - Needlegrass-grama, bison, pronghorn, antelope
Short-grass prairie - blue grama, buffalo grass, prairie dogs
Desert grassland - SW US, N Mexico, Bunchgrasses
Annual grassland - San Joaquin Valley, CA
Palosue Prairie - b/n Rocky Mtns and Cascades, cool season bunchgrasses, sagebrush |
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Term
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Definition
Grass with Scattered Woody Vegetation
Wet/Dry Seasons
Tropics/Subtropics
Central and Southern Africa
Mammals
Wildebeest, Leopard, Lion, Zebra, Giraffe, Elephants, Cheetah, Rhino, Hyaena, Termites, Bunchgrasses |
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Term
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Definition
Arid/Semi-Arid Regions
Types of Shrubland
Mediterranean - Hot dry summers, cool wet winters, sclerophyllous Vegetation
North American Chaparral - thicket of Shrubby Evergreen Oak, Active in Winter, Dormant in Summer, Scrub ak, Chamise
Northern Desert Scrub - Cold Desert of Great Basin, Sagebrush
Heathlands - Heath-like plants, sclerophyllous vegetation, Arctic Regions, NW Europe
Successional - Sumac, Alder, and Willow |
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Term
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Definition
Animals of a Given Region or Area
Jackrabbit, coyotes
Found in Chaparral and Desert Shrubs |
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Term
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Definition
< 10 Inches of Rain
Hot Summers
Poor Soil
Low Productivity |
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Term
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Definition
North America
Great Basin - Cold Desert, Sagebrush
SW US - CAM Plants, Cactus (Giant Saguaro), Yucca, Ephemeral Species, Lizards, Snakes, Coyotes, Spadefoot Toda, Rodents (Kangaroo Rat) |
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Term
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Definition
Treeless, Cold, Short Growing Season
Arctic - permafrost, dwarf shrub and heaths, lichen, moss, chusion plants, grass, and sedge
Alpine - no permafrost, wetter than Arctic |
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Term
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Definition
Western Mountains - Cushion, mat-forming plants, Marmots, Mountain Goats, Bighorn Sheep, and Pika
Appalachian - heaths and sedge meadows
Tropical - Rosette Plants |
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Term
Types of Coniferous Forests |
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Definition
- Taiga
- Montane
- Southern Pine
- Temperate Rainforest
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Term
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Definition
Boreal Forest
Not very productive
(little plant biomass produced each year)
Not very Diverse
Vegetation
Spruce, Fir, Larch, Pine, Birch, Aspen, Lichen, and Moss
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Term
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Definition
Of, or related to, Northern Biotic Region |
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Term
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Definition
Caribou, Moose, Snowshoe hare, and Lynx |
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Term
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Definition
Central Europe - Norway Spruce, Scots Pine
Rocky Mountains - Engelmann Spruce, Subalpine Fir, Douglas-fir, Ponderosa & Lodgepole Pines
Sierra Nevada & Cascades - Red Fir, Lodgepole Pine, Giant Sequoia, Sugar Pine, Ponderosa |
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Term
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Definition
Coastal Plains - Pine
Pine Barrens (NJ) - Dwarf Pine: pitch pine, dwarf blackjack oak
Southeastern Mixed - Oak and Pine |
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Term
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Definition
Pacific NW - Douglas Fir, Redwood (CA), Ferns, and Mosses
Fauna - Bear, Moose, Mountain Lion, Squirrel, and White-tailed Deer |
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Term
Types of Temperate Broadleaf Forest |
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Definition
- Temperate Deciduous Forest
- Temperate Evergreen Forest
- Temperate Woodlands
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Term
Temperate Deciduous Forest |
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Definition
Asia
Eupore - Beech, oak, ash, birch, elm
North America - hemlock, northern hardwood forest, central hardwood forest |
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Term
Hemlock Temperate Deciduous Forest |
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Definition
White Pine & Northern Hardwood Forest Mix |
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Term
Northern Hardwood Forest - Temperate Deciduous Forest |
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Definition
Beech, maple, black cherry, red oak |
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Term
Central Hardwood Forest - Temperate Deciduous Forest |
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Definition
Southern Slopes - Oak and Chestnut
Northern Slopes/Cloves - Tulip tree, high diversity of temperate tree species
Ozarks - oak and hickory |
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Term
Temperate Evergreen Forest |
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Definition
Australia - Eucalyptus forest
Gulf Coast and Florida Everglades - Magnolia, live oak, Spanish moss, Palm |
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Term
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Definition
Oak, Oak-Juniper, and Pine-Juniper |
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Term
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Definition
Regions:
Amazon Basin, Indo-Malaysian, West & Central Africa
Warm, Constant Temperature with 60 to 160 inches of rain
Flora - Broadleaf evergreen trees, Epiphytes, Lianas
Vegetation structure/stratification:
Feeding Layers, Most Productive Ecosystem, Infertile soil, nudtrients are in the vegetation not soil, Organic matter decomposes quickly, no significant litter layer |
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Term
Mountain Rainforest/Cloud Forest |
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Definition
Shorter Trees with gnarles limbs
More even canopy |
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Term
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Definition
Transitional - less rain, temperature more variable
Few trees lose leaves during dry period |
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Term
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Definition
> 40 % tropical Forest
Most tropical forests are not rainforests
distinct wet and dry seasons
plants lose leaves during dry period |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Zones are relative to Light Compensation Points
Limnetic - Light Penetrates
Profundal - Deep water, without Light |
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Term
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Definition
Wanderer
Zoo Plankton - Rotifers, copepods
Phytoplankton - Blue-green Algae, Green Algae, Diatoms |
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Term
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Definition
Free Swimming Organisms
E.g. Fish, large Invertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
Organisms associated with Surface of Lake
E.g. Water striders |
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Term
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Definition
Bottom (on or in)
Zones
Profundal benthos
Littoral benthos |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Shoreline
Types: Muddy and Oozy, Rocky and Sandy Shores |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Emergent - e.g. reeds, cattails, bulruches
- Floating - rooted - e.g. water lilies, pondweeds
- Free-floating - (surface) - e.g. duckweed
- Free-floating - (submerged) - e.g. hornwort
- Submerged-rooted - e.g. Chara, Elodea
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Term
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Definition
- Bare bottom and Open Water - pioneer stage
- Submergent Vegetation and Phytoplankton (Algae)
- Emergent Vegetation
- Temporary Pond
- Marsh
- Grassland - Prairie, meadow
- Forest
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Term
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Definition
Insects:
Dragonflies, mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies, midges, backsimmers, water strider, and diving beetle
Fish |
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Term
Physical Features of Lakes |
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Definition
- Light
- Temperature
Light:
Zones: euphotic, disphotic, and aphotic
Light Compensation Point
Temperature
Thermal Stratification: epilimnion, metalimnion, hypolimnion
Dimictic Lakes: 2 mixing periods/overturns |
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Term
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Definition
- Glaciers - e.g. Kettle Lakes
- Ice Scour - e.g. Finger Lakes, Great Lakes
- Tectonic Lakes - e.g. Rift Lakes, Lake Tahoe
- Volcanic Lakes - e.g. Crater Lake
- Riverine Lakes - Oxbow Lakes, Floodplain Lake
- Coastal Impoundment - e.g. Coast of S Africa
- Organic Origins - e.g. Hoover Dam
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Term
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Definition
- Caspian Sea - Largest Inland body of Water
- Dead Sea - Most concentrated natural salt Lake in world, Lowest point on Earth
- Great Salt Lake
- Baikal - Largest (Volume) Deepest
- The Great Lakes - e.g. Superior (Largest in Surface Area), Michigan
- Aral Sea
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Term
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Definition
Associated with Estuaries, Flooded daily by tides, High Productivity, Low Diversity, and Food web Changes with Tide
Flora - Saltwater Cordgrass
Fauna - Fiddler Crab, ribbed mussel, and Marsh Periwinkle |
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Term
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Definition
E.g. - River deltas, bays, lagoons
Primarily marine, benthic organisms (e.g. Oysters)
Salinity Stratification |
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Term
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Definition
Warm, shallow, nutrient-deficient seas
Very productive, high biodiversity
Living Coral, Coralline red algae, foraminifera, mollusks |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Surface Water
- Channels
- Slope or Gradiant
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Term
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Definition
Area or River where a water stream drains |
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Term
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Definition
Stream Orders from 1 to 3 = Headwater Streams
Stream Orders from 4 to 6 = Mid Size Streams
Stream Orders from 6 and Above are Larger Streams |
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Term
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Definition
- Nile - Longest River
- Mississippi/Missouri River - 12 miles shorter than Nile
- Amazon River - Widest River
- Colorado - Drains into the Pacific Ocean
- Columbia/Snake
- St. Lawrence
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Term
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Definition
- Flow
- Pools and Riffles
Flow:
Must be moving and it Meanders
Water flows the fastest in the Center of the River |
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Term
Benthic Structures of Streams |
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Definition
- Sandy Benthic
- Bedrock Benthic
- Gravel and Rubble Benthic - Most productive becuase of small spaces for small organisms to hide
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Term
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Definition
- CPOM - Coarse Particulate Organic Matter - Size is anything > 1 mm in Diameter (e.g. trees, woods, plants, leaves)
- FPOM - Fine Particulate Organic Matter - Size range from .5 mm to 1 mm (e.g. invertebrates that live in small spaces) Some of these particles can actually move out and dissolve into UPOM
- UPOM - Ultrafine Particulate Organic Matter - Size is < .5 mm and Particles generally do not dissolve at this level
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