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| the adaptations or characteristics of organisms that influence reproduction |
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| allocation of energy, time, and other resources to the production and care of offspring |
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reproduce once in life
usually lots of small offspring
organisms usually are living in harsh, unpredictable environments
ex: anandromous fish (salmon), annual plants |
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reproduce more than once in life
usually few, but large offspring
usually live in benign, predictable environments
"bet" on survival of parents
ex: perennial plants and most vertebrate animals |
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| difference in reproduction among individuals as a result of differences in mating success due to intrasexual selection and/or intersexual selection |
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| sexual selection where individuals of one sex compete among themselves for mates |
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| sexual selection occurring when members of one sex choose mates from among the members of the opposite sex on the basis of some anatomical or behavioral trait, common in frogs, toads, birds |
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| groups living together and cooperating |
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| individual fitness plus fitness of closely related individuals |
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| adaptations that enable individuals to increase their inclusive fitness by helping increase the survival and reproduction of genetic relatives that aren't offspring |
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| individuals of more than one generation living together; cooperative care of young; division of individuals into sterile or non-reproductive and reproductive caste |
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=term that refers to the per capita rate of increase
-would be strongest in species often colonizing new or disturbed habitats.
-rapid development
-early reproduction
-small body size
-single,semelparity,reproduction
-have many,small offspring |
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=term that refers to the carrying capacity of the logistic growth equation
-favors more efficient utilization of resources such as food and resources |
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-high intrinsic rate of increase
-not strongly favored competitive ability
-rapid development
-early reproduction
-small body size
-single, semelparity reproduction
-many, small offspring |
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Definition
-low intrinsic rate of increase
-highly favored competitive ability
-slow development
-late reproduction
-large body size
-repeated, iteroparity reproduction
-few, little offspring |
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Term
| density-dependent factors |
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Definition
| biotic factors in the environment, like disease and competition, where their effects on the population may be related to or depend on local population density |
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| density-independent factors |
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Definition
abiotic factors in the environment like floods and extreme temps.
their effects on populations may be independent of population density |
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| interaction between individuals of different species that benefit both partners. |
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| biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey, (the organism that is attacked) |
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| is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the host. |
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| an interaction between two species in which one species is benefited and the other is neither benefited nor harmed. |
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| competition that involves direct aggressive interaction between individuals |
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| the limitation of population growth by resource availability |
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| intraspecific competition |
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Definition
-a type of competition
-competition w/ members of their own species |
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| interspecific competition |
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Definition
-type of competition
-competition between individuals of two species that reduces the fitness of both |
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Definition
-type of competition
-competition involving the use of such limited resources |
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-type of species interaction
-involves one impeding or restricting the success of the other while the other species has no effect on it
-Usually this occurs when one organism exudes a chemical compound as part of its normal metabolism that is detrimental to another organism. |
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-type of species interaction
-describes the relationship between two species which interact but do not affect each other |
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| -a reduction in population density as a stand of plant increases in biomass, due to intraspecific competition |
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| rodents that live cheifly on seeds |
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| -defines the physical conditions under which a species might live, in the absence of interactions with other species |
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| -is the actual niche of a species whose distribution is limited by biotic interactions such as competition, parasitism, predation, disease |
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| -person whose ideas of the niche were focused on abiotic factors as well as biological interactions |
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| -person whose idea of the niche focused on influences of the physical environment |
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| -equals the number of environmental factors important to the survival and reproduction by a species |
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-aka niche breadth
-is the range of resource use by an organism |
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| -an organism that has a narrow niche width |
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| -an organisms that has a wide niche width |
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| -describes the condition in which populations or species have non-overalapping geographic ranges |
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| -describes the condition where populations or species have overlapping geographic ranges |
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positive effects: reproduce before death
negative effects: less energy stored for reproduction later in life; usually reproduce in a harsh, unpredictable environment |
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postive effects: more energy stored for reproductive later in life
negative: greater chance of dying before reproduction
-higher survivorship
-benign, predictable environments |
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| a male sunfish that is not big or bright but well endowed sneak in and fertilize eggs while large bright males show off |
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| flies that give nuptial gifts of grasshoppers, biggest flies get biggest grasshoppers getting best mates leading to the most viable offspring |
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| young forest, smaller width trees but a lot of them, not all fully grow up (survive) because of competition |
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| young trees after self-thinning becoming mature, density decreases because the size of the trees increase while some die off |
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-as the number of plant individuals increases density decreases, the rule predicts that the plants will decrease in pop. density as th total biomass of populations increases because of intraspecific competition for light, water, oxygen, nutrients, etc,
-average slope is 3/2 of the curve |
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