Term
| There are which changes in consumer groups along the river continuum? |
|
Definition
– Stream order
– Stream width
– Stream depth |
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Term
| Headwater streams are dependent on terrestrial input of detritus and support shredders and collectors is a example of... |
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Definition
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Term
| As stream size increases, the input of organic matter shifts to primary production within the stream and collectors and grazers are dominant is called... |
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Definition
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|
Term
As the stream grows into a river, a phytoplankton
community may develop and consumers are
mostly bottom-dwelling collectors it grows in... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why is productivity in estuaries seldom nutrient limited? |
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Definition
| Estuaries are semi-enclosed parts of the coastal ocean where freshwater joins saltwater |
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
Pelagic zone: Horizontal zones
water that overlies the continental shelf |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Pelagic zone: Horizontal zones
water that overlies the abyssal plane |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Pelagic zone: Vertical zones
surface to 200 m, experiences sharp gradients in illumination, temperature, and salinity |
|
Definition
| Epipelagic or photic zone |
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|
Term
Pelagic zone: Vertical zones
200 to 1000 m, little light penetrates and a more even temperature gradient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pelagic zone: Vertical zones
where darkness is virtually complete (except for bioluminescence), water pressure is great, and temperature is low |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Pelagic zone: Vertical zones
extends from 4000 m to the sea floor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pelagic zone: Vertical zones
includes areas found in deepsea trenches and canyons |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| tiny animals found in all ocean zones, particularly the pelagic and littoral zones in the ocean, but also in ponds, lakes, and rivers. They are a key component of marine ecosystems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organisms that can swim freely and are generally independent of currents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do other factors also limit marine phytoplankton productivity? |
|
Definition
| Yes, like light and nutreints |
|
|
Term
| Invertebrate feeding groups |
|
Definition
– Shredders
– Filtering or gathering collectors
– Grazers
– Gougers |
|
|
Term
| feed on the bacteria and fungi growing on coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) and break down the material in the process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Filtering or gathering collectors |
|
Definition
| feed on fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) |
|
|
Term
| feed on the algal coating of substrates |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| burrow into waterlogged limbs and trunks of fallen trees |
|
|
Term
the interaction between
photosynthetic and heterotrophic bacteria and nanoflagellates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where do deep-sea hydrothermal
vents occur? |
|
Definition
along volcanic ridges in the ocean
floor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when cold seawater flows down through cracks in the basaltic lava floor and the waters react with the hot basalt → water becomes enriched with minerals (e.g., copper, iron, sulfur, zinc) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the Primary producers in the benthos use... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of coral reefs? |
|
Definition
-Fringing reefs
-Barrier reefs
-Atolls |
|
|
Term
grow seaward from the rocky shores
of islands and continents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parallel shorelines of continents and
islands and are separated from land by shallow lagoons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are rings of coral reefs and islands surrounding a lagoon, formed when a volcanic mountain subsides beneath the surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are rings of coral reefs and islands surrounding a lagoon, formed when a volcanic mountain subsides beneath the surface |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Coastal regions exhibit the ______________ productivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Open waters are ______________ in productivity and
phytoplankton growth is controlled by the cycling of nutrients in the photic zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arctic oceans have a low productivity because of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antarctic waters have high productivity because... |
|
Definition
| of the continuous upwelling of nutrient-rich water around the continent |
|
|
Term
| Rocky shores have three basic zones... |
|
Definition
– Supralittoral or supratidal (spray) zone
– Littoral or intertidal zone
– Infralittoral zone (Subtidal zone) |
|
|
Term
Gradual transition from lichens and land plants to
marine life dependent at least partly on tidal waters |
|
Definition
| Supralittoral or supertidal zone |
|
|
Term
– Covered and uncovered daily by the tides
– Barnacles are most abundant in the upper reaches
– Oysters, blue mussels, and limpets are in the middle and lower portions of the littoral zone
– Brown algae (rockweeds) occupy the lower half of the littoral zone |
|
Definition
| Littoral or intertidal zone |
|
|
Term
– The lowest part of the littoral zone
– Uncovered only at the spring tides and is exposed for short periods of time
– Consists of forests of large brown alga (Laminaria) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pro's
– Provide a consistent supply of nutrients
– Carry away organic material
– Move seaweed fronds
Con's
– Dislodge plants and invertebrates to provide areas for
colonization → reduce strong interspecific competition
– Reduce activity of predators |
|
|
Term
most life is forced to live beneath the
substrate in sandy and muddy beaches |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organisms that live on the sediment
surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organisms that live in the sediments
(within tubes or burrows) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organisms that live between sand and
mud particles |
|
|
Term
– Seaward edge: tall, deep green cordgrass that has a high tolerance for salinity
– High marsh: stands at the level of mean high water and supports cordgrass (a shorter, yellow form), glasswort, sea lavender, and so forth |
|
Definition
| Zones of distinctive vegetation in salt marshes |
|
|
Term
| Prop roots and pneumatophores slow tidal waters, which allows sediments to deposit |
|
Definition
Mangroves
*Prop roots support
*Pneumatophores take in oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Where are wetlands formed? |
|
Definition
– Basin wetlands
– Riverine wetlands
– Fringe wetlands |
|
|
Term
develop in shallow basins, from
upland depressions to filled-in lakes and ponds–water flow is vertical |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| develop along shallow and periodically flooded banks of rivers–water flow is unidirectional |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occur along the coasts of large lakes–water flow is in two directions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
those wetlands dominated by
emergent herbaceous vegetation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occasionally or seasonally flooded by river waters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
wetlands characterized
by an accumulation of organic matter |
|
|
Term
| are peat-forming wetlands that receive nutrients from sources other than precipitation: usually from upslope sources through drainage from surrounding mineral soils and from groundwater movement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are characterized by spongy peat deposits, acidic waters, and a floor covered by a thick carpet of sphagnum moss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| duration, frequency, depth, and season of flooding |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of hydroperiods |
|
Definition
-Deep basins (potholes)
-If the wetland goes dry annually or during a period of drought, tall or midheight emergent species will dominate (e.g., cattails)
-Shallow pothole |
|
|
Term
Zonation of vegetation in a basin wetland reflects
the response of plants to the hydroperiod |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carboxylation is catalyzed by the enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| have bundle sheath cells do NOT contain chloroplasts; carbon fixation occurs and Calvin Cycle happens in the mesophyll cells in the presence of oxygen. (more adapted to environments with more carbon dioxide.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the bundle sheath THICKER cells DO contain choroplasts; carbon is FIXED in the mesophyll cells, and then transported to the bundle sheath cells were the calvin cycle reaction goes WITHOUT oxygen. (adapted to environments with more oxygen) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the point at which the rate of net photosynthesis is zero |
|
Definition
| The light compensation point (LCP) |
|
|
Term
| the point above which no further increase in photosynthesis occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the negative effect of high light levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photosynthesis occurs within specialized leaf or |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CO2 enters the leaf through openings on the
surface called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the water loss through the
stomata is ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rate of water loss varies daily |
|
Definition
– Humidity
– Temperature
– Plant characteristics (stomata opening and closing) |
|
|
Term
the ratio of carbon fixed (photosynthesis) per unit of water lost
(transpiration) is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| loss of water, is probably the greatest constraint imposed by terrestrial environments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-O-organic material
-A-top soil
-B-sub soil
-C-horizon
(than bedrock) |
|
|
Term
| composed of mineral soil and organic material leached from above accumulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| accumulates mineral particles and contains less organic matter than layers above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the unconsolidated material that lies under the subsoil |
|
Definition
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