Term
| Name three energy sources? |
|
Definition
| sunlight, inorganic, and organic molecules |
|
|
Term
| What are the visible light trophic levels? |
|
Definition
1.photoautotrophs -- sunlight
2.chemoautotrophs – inorganics
3.heterotrophs- organic molecules |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary source of energy for the biosphere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
major pathway by which energy and carbon first enter food webs.
process by which CO2 in air & energy from sunlight are used to synthesize carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| what is an electromagnetic spectrum? |
|
Definition
| gamma ray's to radio waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unit of light of a given energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only portion of EMS useful for photosynthesis. 400-750nm wavelengths |
|
|
Term
| What absorbs most of the UV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At sea level what is the percentage of IR and Visible light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy content of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) |
|
|
Term
| What is photon flux density? |
|
Definition
| umol number of photons striking sq. meter surface each second. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does photosynthetic active radiation vary with quantity and quality? If so why? |
|
Definition
| quantity & quality varies with seasons, latitude, time of day, life, water, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What light does foliage absorb and what light does it transmit? |
|
Definition
| Absorbs red and blue. Transmits Green |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amt. of energy reaching outer atmosphere (~ 1400 W m-2); W m-2 = watts per sq. meter |
|
|
Term
| Less than 1/4 of the solar constant reaches any point on the earths surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| level of light intensity where photosynthesis and respiration are balanced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gross Primary Production = Net Primary Production + Respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maximum rate of photosynthesis for a species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| level of light intensity above which rate of photosynthesis no longer increases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have lower compensan & saturan points than do sun plants; greater photosyn. than sun plants at very low light |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Pmax is the same among species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: water reduces quality/quantity of visible light |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surface region of aquatic environments that receives enough sunlight for net photosynthesis (NPP) |
|
|
Term
| How can photosynthesis be imperfect? |
|
Definition
Plants close stomata as they wilt.
After stomata close, CO2 levels decline, & photosyn. (C3 pathway) may fix O2 instead of C called photorespiration
sugars aren’t made. |
|
|
Term
| What are three alternative pathways for fixing CO2? |
|
Definition
C3 Photosynthesis
C4 Photosynthesis
CAM Photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *have C3 pathway (i.e., Calvin- Benson cycle) only;susceptible to photorespiran No alternative pathway. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C4 photosynthesis (C4 plants)
*have C3 & C4 pathways; 2 types of photosyn. cells in leaves; slightly susceptible to photorespiran
Examples? sorghum, corn, crab grass. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis
*have C3 & C4 pathways; one type of photosyn. cell; fix CO2 at night;
not susceptible to photorespiran; best water & N use
Examples? cacti, sedum, & other succulents. |
|
|
Term
| What are organic molecules? |
|
Definition
| Consumers and herterotroph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant eater; but plants have high C:N ratio, toxins, cellulose & lignin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eats partially decomposed organics, plants, examples; earthworms,some crabs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
eats dead organics and converts organic molecules into inorganics; ammonification, nitrification, etc.
Examples? bacteria & fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.minor energy form in most communities
2. imp. in some communities
3. nitrifying bacteria extremely imp. for N cycling
4.involves oxidation of H2S, NH4+, sulfur, nitrite (NO2-), or Fe2+, etc. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Hydrogen sulfide is an energy source for bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: Ammonium is not an energy source for bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organic:Carbon and Oxygen |
|
Definition
1.CO2 is scarce in atmosphere
(0.0386% or 386 ppm in 2008);abundant in aquatic environ.
2. O2 abundant in atmosphere (21%);scarce in aquatic environ. |
|
|
Term
| Inorganic Molecules (essential elements) |
|
Definition
1. 40 essential nutrients
2.most important: CHNOP; others: S K Ca Mg Fe
3.plants obtain most in soluble form in soil, but O2 &C obtained from air; N obtained in soil via N-fixing bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the density of water and temperature. |
|
Definition
| the density of ocean water continuously increases with decreasing temperature until the water freezes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the average salinity of ocean water? and at what temperature does ocean water freeze? |
|
Definition
| Salinity of 35 psu, freezes at -1.94 degrees Celsius. (28.5 degrees Fahrenheit) |
|
|
Term
| What does a populations age structure reflect? |
|
Definition
| It's potential for survival, reproduction, and growth |
|
|
Term
| is age structure dynamic in most populations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What affects population density? |
|
Definition
| Survivorship and mortality |
|
|
Term
| Age Structure (distribution) |
|
Definition
| age structure=proportions of population in each age class |
|
|
Term
| What does age structure indicate? |
|
Definition
| whether a population is growing or declining. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. shows that the older tree's are being replaced by the younger tree's
b. dominated by young individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. older trees are not being replaced by younger trees
b. 40-50y/o trees dominate the population.
c. that this population will not persist. |
|
|
Term
| Does age distribution differ between two populations? If yes explain? |
|
Definition
| Yes! the 2 will grow at diff. rates even if they have the same birthrates & death rates; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of offspring born per female (or bisexual) per period of time. (count number of eggs, seeds, cubs, fawns) |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Birthrates & death rates may vary with age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If death rates vary with age how would you calculate your findings? |
|
Definition
| rates for diff. age classes must be calculated separately |
|
|
Term
| True or False: stable age distributions are common in nature |
|
Definition
| False: age distributions may vary over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. several years of sucessful reproduction.
b. the birds did not nest during the 1977 drought. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. nesting
b. birds hatched during the abundant rains of 1983
c.reproductive failure
d. reduced numbers of older birds. |
|
|
Term
| what two types of information do you need to project population growth? |
|
Definition
1) survivorship for each age class
Proportion of popn surviving in each age class
2) birthrates per age class
a.must know ave. # of births (offspring) per female for each class
b.must know # of females per age class |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ave. # of offspring per female (or bisexual) during her lifetime |
|
|
