Term
| Freshwater Lakes: common origins |
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Definition
1. glacial activity
2. Limestone Dissolution
3. Tectonic Activity |
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Term
| Limits to Aquatic Productivity |
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Definition
1.light
2. nutrients
3. P = limiting nutrient in freshwater lakes
know phosphorus cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction of temperature and nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| quick temperature change over short distance |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
brings nutrients from the bottom sediments to the surface and oxygen from the surface to the depths
mechanism: the sun warms the lake surface gradually until surface temp is greater than 4 celcius causing the warmer water to sink into the layers blow, this vertical mixing distributes heat through out the water column |
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Term
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Definition
| same as spring but cool water instead of warm nutrients from sediment to surface, oxygen from surface to depths |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of Eutrophication |
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Definition
1.high nutrients
2.increased productivity therefore increase in photosynthesizers
3.increased algal densities
4. increase in turbidity=decrease in clarity=decrease in light availability
5. decrease in [o2] b/c of decomposition of organic particles
6. increase in organic particles in sediments
7. change in community structure |
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Term
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Definition
| semi-enclosed body of water with a connection to the ocean and the [salt] diluted by fresh water |
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Term
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Definition
1. high productivity
2.importance of nitrogen and the nitrogen cycle->limits productivity, nitrogen is not in a form available for use by organisms
3. nursery grounds: food/protection
4. Eutrophication in Tampa Bay
know nitrogen cycle |
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Term
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Definition
food and predator protection
estuaries often provide abundant food and predator protection for juvenile fish and invertebrates
spawning often occurs offshore |
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Term
| Tampa Bay eutrophication example |
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Definition
much of the seagrass disappeared by 1982, mostly deeper seagrass
turbidity increased b/c of the eutrophication
lack of light killed the deeper seagrass
no retention ponds so fertilizer ran off into the ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| species in the community that greatly determines the biome |
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Term
| Mangroves characteristics |
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Definition
dicots
convergent evolution that adapts them to their high salt environment |
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Term
| Mangrove adaptations to deal with salt |
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Definition
exclusion
tolerance
excretion
storage/succulence |
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Term
| Mangrove root adaptations/ vivipary |
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Definition
roots are in anionic sediments, snorkel roots to oxygenate the deep foots in anoxic sediments
mangroves do not have a seed stage, they disperse little trees |
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Term
| mangrove vertical zonation |
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Definition
Tolerance of physical conditions
Tidal sorting
Propagule (“seed”) predation
Interspecific competition |
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Term
| Mangroves are usually found in estuary like areas and provide a habitat for juveniles to grow up to include juvenile spiny lobsters/lemon sharks/goliath grouper/fish |
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Definition
| different sizes of grunts use different areas to grow up in, aka mangroves are connected to different systems by other organisms |
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Term
| kind of fish and relative abundance is greater in mangroves around reefs |
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Definition
| mangroves=important in determining the fish communities in particular areas |
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Term
| Coral Reef: factors affecting distribution |
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Definition
1. temperature: warm[tropical]
2. depth: light [zooxanthellae] shallow waters
3. substrate: hard
4. Nutrients: oligotrophic-> low nutrients which is why the water is clear |
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Term
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Definition
zooxanthellae facilitate calcification, provides energy source
corals provide living space and nutrients |
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Term
| Paradox of reef productivity |
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Definition
coral reefs are highly productive but the area around them is oligotrophic, this is a paradox because highly productive areas should be eutrophic
however, reason they are oligrotrophic is because nutrients get recycled to zooxanthellae instead of being released into the water column, organisms transport nutrients |
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Term
| Reef types and Darwin's model |
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Definition
| fringe reef--> Barrier Reef--->Atoll |
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Term
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Definition
Atoll: circular reef in the lagon in the center and deep water around it
Formation: Volcanic Island--> Fringe reef: Fringes the island--> island sinks--> Creates Barrier Reef--->island continues sinking---> Atoll |
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Term
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Definition
Overfishing (& cascading effects)
Eutrophication
Disease
Temperature rise (& bleaching)
Ocean acidification |
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Term
| Know Carbon cycle, phosphorus cycle, and nitrogen cycle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the genetic structure, variability, and changes in a population |
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Term
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Definition
gene pool
genotype frequencies
gene frequency
h-w
fixed vs polymorphic genes |
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Term
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Definition
if it is a hardy-wienberg population the genotype frequencies go as p2, 2pq, q2 (based on given p and q)
p2, 2pq, q2, r2, 2pr, 2qr
and overtime the gene frequencies will stay the same given a particular p and q and if you meet the criteria for a h-w population |
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Term
| H-W characteristics [and why they are important] |
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Definition
1. Large population (why? otherwise, gene frequencies and therefore genotype frequencies change)
2. Random mating (why? otherwise, genotype frequencies change; often expressed as an over-abundance of homozygotes; see next slide for example)
3. No migration (why? migrants may not have some genotype frequencies as population)
4. No mutation (why? otherwise, gene frequencies and therefore genotype frequencies change)
5. No natural selection (why? Otherwise, genotype frequencies change) |
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Term
| H-W populations most affected by non-random mating |
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Definition
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Term
| to determine if a population is in h-w proportions |
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Definition
1. Calculate gene frequencies
2. Calculate expected genotype frequencies
3. Compare observed to expected frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
1. If observed genotype frequencies do not match H-W expectations (and often they do not), it is because at least one of the H-W assumptions is not true (typically, non-random mating, migration, or natural selection)
2. If genotype (or gene) frequencies change over time, it is because at least one of the H-W assumptions are not true (could be any of the five assumptions)
3. The nature of the deviation from H-W enables you to investigate the nature of population structure
4. The usefulness of Hardy-Weinberg in real population genetics studies |
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Term
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Definition
determining genotypes of individuals organisms for enzymes
allozyme: different forms of same enzyme from same locus |
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Term
| Mechanisms for producing/maintaing genetic variability |
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Definition
1. Mutation
2. Gene flow: deja vu
3. Neutrality: selectively neutral variation persists until removed by genetic drift; theory followed development of allozyme electrophoresis
4. Dominant/recessive alleles: recessive alleles can’t be completely removed by natural selection
5. Natural selection
Heterosis: heterozygotes have highest fitness
Frequency-dependent selection: less common genotype has higher fitness
Environmental variability: variable (time, space) environments select for evolving populations and local adaptation |
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Term
| Examples of mechanisms maintaining genetic variability |
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Definition
Sickle cell anemia & heterosis
Cystic Fibrosis and heterosis
righty and left-jawed fish and frequency-dependent selection
Sex ratio and frequency dependent selection |
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Term
| mechanisms reducing genetic variability |
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Definition
1. Natural selection
2. Genetic drift
3. Inbreeding: mating with close relatives; reduces number of heterozygotes
4. Population bottlenecks: population goes through reduction in size
5. Founder effect: accounts for two genetic characteristics of “founded” populations, even after the population has reached a large size:
Reduced genetic variability
Different average genetic traits than the source population |
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Term
| examples of mechanisms reducing genetic variability |
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Definition
northern elephant seals: Late 1800s: about 20 Today:>170,000
East African cheetahs: virtually no genetic variation, thought to be result of a bottleneck
Galapagos Tortoises on Isabella Island: largest population has the least amount of genetic variability due to founder effect |
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Term
| Measuring Genetic variability |
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Definition
1. Allozyme electrophoresis
2. Micro satellite DNA analysis
3. Mitochondrial DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Mean heterozygosity (most common): averaged over multiple loci % polymorphic loci |
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Term
| Micro Satellite DNA analysis |
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Definition
Observed heterozygosity
Number of alleles per locus (often very high—dozens)
help determine genetic diversity in different organisms ex. lemon shark |
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Term
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Definition
Haplotype diversity: chance that two individuals selected at random have different haplotypes
Nucleotide diversity: chance that homologous nucleotides from two individuals selected at random are different (this is an average )
Select region for amplification and sequencing (e.g., the control region)
Compare (align) sequences of different individuals
Each unique sequence = a haplotype |
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Term
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Definition
Inbreeding = mating with close relatives
Inbreeding increases the number of individuals homozygous for recessive harmful alleles
Inbreeding depression = Effects (morphological, physiological, and/or behavioral ) of expressing recessive alleles due to inbreeding |
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Term
Many organisms have life history patterns that prevent
inbreeding, such as dispersal (both plants and animals)
or self-incompatibility (plants)
In spatially variable environments, outbreeding
depression can also occur |
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Definition
| therefore if two species adapted to different environments but are not necessarily reproductively isolated they may not be properly adapted to the environment they are born into |
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Term
| Effective population size |
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Definition
Ne = the size of a genetically idealized population with which an actual population can be equated genetically; or,
= the size of an ideal population that undergoes genetic drift at the same rate as the actual population does
Influenced by factors such as: Age structure, Sex ratio, Breeding system |
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Term
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Definition
Life tables summarize age-specific mortality in
a population (i.e., survivorship to and at particular ages)
Life tables begin at age X = 0 and end at the age by which all organisms in the population have died
Data from a single column (i.e., nx, lx , dx, etc.) can be used to generate data in all other columns
Life tables can be generated by following a cohort (cohort life table) or by acquiring age at death information (static life table) |
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Term
x= age interval
nx=number of individuals beginning age interval
lx=nx/n0, proportion of n0 surviving to age interval x
dx=nx-nx-1, number of individuals dying during age interval x
mx=dx/nx, proportion of nx dying during age interval
ex=future expectation of life beginning @ age interval x |
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Definition
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Term
cohort example= grey squirrels
static life tables= Dall's mountain sheep |
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Definition
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