• Inadequate intake
• Shifts into cells (insulin, alkalosis, B-adrenergic stimulation)
  
• Increased excretion
• Extrarenal losses(vomiting, diarrhea, laxative abuse)
  
•  Renal excretions
• ALD, ANG-II
• hypomagnesemia
• Renal loop & thiazide diuretics

• Excessive intake
• ALD deficiency (ACE-inhibitors/ANGII receptor-blockers/spironolactone)
• CKD
• Shift out of cells
• insulin deficency/B-adrenergic blockage
• Exercise
• Cell lysis
• Acidosis
• Increase osm
• Decreased excretion
• triamterene
• Spurious lab value

Low ratio: extrarenal cause of K+ hypokalemia (<1.5)

-poor intake, gastrointestinal, shift of K into cells

High ratio: suggests renal causes of renal wasting (>13)

-usually from thiazide diuretic

-can be due to high ALD, increased flow to distal nephron, hypomagnesemia

What are the common treatment strategies for hyperkalemia?

• Anatagonize the membrane effects of K+ (use Ca2+)
• Drive K+ back in the cells (insulin, Na+, Na bicard, B-2 agonists)
• Remove excess K+ (diuretics, dialysis)

• Increase dietary intake
• Oral supplementation
• Discontinue thiazides
• Use K-sparing diuretic (i.e. hydrocholorthiazdie/triamterene)

Highest: figs, molasses, seaweed

Very High: dates/nuts/bran

High: carrots/bananas/beef

1. There is an emotional appeal to the audience
2. The character of the speaker is promoted
3. the structure of the arguments refelct that of an persuasive debate

The degrees, certifications, and institution of authors are often included  in scientific writing. This refers to the ____________ that makes these types of papers persuasive.

An author of an paper includes in his report comparing a disease to a tropical storm, at first harmless, then leaving behind a trail of irreparable damage. What is this called?

• premise and conclusion
• deductive vs inductive
• format: 1) opening statement or formulation of problem 2) sequence of arguments
• style: passive voice; defined erms; avoid poetic language
• logical fallacies

• False dilemma
• Confusing cause and effect
• Ambiguity
• Biased sample
• Insufficient sample
• Wishful thinking
• Appeal to authority

1. donepezil is either helpful or harmful in AD,

2. donepezil isn’t harmful

3. therefore its helpful

This is an example of what?

False dilemma-"black/white thinking"; a situation in which limited alternatives are considered, when there there is at elast one additional option

• A and B regularly occur together.
• Therefore A is the cause of B.

This is an example of?

M1s on campus love agua linda. Therefore, all M1s in the  nation love agua linda. What logical fallacy is being employed?

Dr. Slaughter found this research article to be interesting, so it must be interesting!

What logical fallacy is being used?

Precontemplative;

He should deliver his message supporting change by telling Mr. A his risks of smoking and highlighting the benefits to his health. He should also keep the floor open for future discussions about smoking cessation

• Feedback about personal risk
• Responsibility of the Patient
• Advice to change
• Menu of strategies
• Empathetic Style
• Self-efficacy promotion

• Descriptive- get description from patient; compare to known descriptions of disorders and match for best fit 
  

(-): poor descriptions, incomplete presentations

• Criteria-based- recall or retrieve criteria for disorders; compare patient’s illness to criteria and select that which fits best and discard what doesn’t
  

 (-): inadequate criteria, incomplete presentations

• Anatomic- something you can see, anatomic abnormalities; compare to known anatomic abnormalities  

(-): not all disease have anatomic findings

• Pathophys- something you measure/test, look at findings and make inductions, abnorm from norm in readings
  

 (-) not all disease have pathophys derangments

• Bio-psycho-social- context of how illness occur for traces of psychosocial contributors (domestic abuse)  
  

 (-) Suffering may be hidden; not all disorders have bio-psycho-social contributor